What do systematic reviews say?

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography (CTG) vs CTG alone

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography… showed no clear difference in admission to neonatal special care unit ‐ ST analysis compared with CTG alone (high certainty).

• Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) for fetal monitoring during labour 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.96 [0.89, 1.04]
  6 studies · 26410 participants
  High

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography (CTG) vs CTG alone

Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) (ST analysis) plus cardiotocography… showed no clear difference in perinatal death ‐ ST analysis compared with CTG alone (high certainty).

• Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) for fetal monitoring during labour 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.71 [0.67, 4.33]
  6 studies · 26446 participants
  High

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) plus best supportive care vs supportive care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for apnoea of prematurity 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Variable flow vs bubble CPAP

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for apnoea of prematurity 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Variable flow vs bubble CPAP

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for apnoea of prematurity 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Infant Flow CPAP vs continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

It is very uncertain whether infant Flow CPAP changes failed CPAP compared with medijet CPAP (very low certainty).

• Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for apnoea of prematurity 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.62 [0.91, 7.53]
  1 study · 80 participants
  Very low

Infant Flow CPAP vs continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

• Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for apnoea of prematurity 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  24 participants
  GRADE not reported

Infant Flow CPAP vs continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

• Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for apnoea of prematurity 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  2
  2 participants
  GRADE not reported

Infant Flow CPAP vs continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for apnoea of prematurity 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) plus best supportive care vs supportive care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for apnoea of prematurity 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) plus best supportive care vs supportive care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for apnoea of prematurity 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) plus best supportive care vs supportive care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for apnoea of prematurity 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Variable flow vs ventilator CPAP

It is very uncertain whether variable flow changes failed CPAP (defined as need for mechanical ventilation) compared with ventilator CPAP (very low certainty).

• Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for apnoea of prematurity 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.16 [0.01, 2.9]
  1 study · 26 participants
  Very low

Variable flow vs ventilator CPAP

• Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for apnoea of prematurity 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 26 participants
  Very low

Variable flow vs ventilator CPAP

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for apnoea of prematurity 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Variable flow vs bubble CPAP

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for apnoea of prematurity 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Variable flow vs bubble CPAP

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for apnoea of prematurity 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Mask vs prongs

Mask may leads to lower treatment failure compared with prongs (low certainty).

• Masks versus prongs as interfaces for nasal continuous positive airway pressure in preterm infants 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.72 [0.58, 0.9]
  8 studies · 919 participants
  Low

Mask vs prongs

Mask showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with prongs (low certainty).

• Masks versus prongs as interfaces for nasal continuous positive airway pressure in preterm infants 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.83 [0.56, 1.22]
  7 studies · 814 participants
  Low

Mask vs prongs

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Masks versus prongs as interfaces for nasal continuous positive airway pressure in preterm infants 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found