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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intramuscular (IM) progesterone vs no treatment or placebo Preterm birth less than 28 weeks · Women with a multiple pregnancy Prenatal administration of progestogens for preventing spontaneous preterm birth in women with a multiple… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.75, 1.55] | 5 studies · 1920 participants | Moderate |
Intramuscular (IM) progesterone vs no treatment or placebo Preterm birth less than 37 weeks · Women with a multiple pregnancy Prenatal administration of progestogens for preventing spontaneous preterm birth in women with a multiple… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.98, 1.13] | 5 studies · 2010 participants | High |
Vaginal progesterone vs no treatment or placebo Perinatal death · Women with a multiple pregnancy Prenatal administration of progestogens for preventing spontaneous preterm birth in women with a multiple… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.23 [0.74, 2.06] | 3 studies · 2287 participants | Low |
Vaginal progesterone vs no treatment or placebo Preterm birth less than 34 weeks · Women with a multiple pregnancy Prenatal administration of progestogens for preventing spontaneous preterm birth in women with a multiple… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.66, 1.23] | 5 studies · 1503 participants | Low |
Vaginal progesterone vs no treatment or placebo Major neurodevelopmental disability at childhood · Women with a multiple pregnancy Prenatal administration of progestogens for preventing spontaneous preterm birth in women with a multiple… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Physical breastfeeding support interventions (electric or manual breast pump) vs usual care (no pump) Non‐initiation of breastfeeding · women with a pre‐pregnancy BMI > 29 kg/m², who were intending to breastfeed, had no history of breast surgery, who… Interventions for supporting the initiation and continuation of breastfeeding among women who are overweight… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Multiple methods of breastfeeding support (including social, educational and/or physical support) vs usual care Any breastfeeding at 6 months · pregnant or lactating women who were overweight or obese Interventions for supporting the initiation and continuation of breastfeeding among women who are overweight… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.42 [1.08, 1.87] | 2 studies · 223 participants | Very low |
Physical breastfeeding support interventions (electric or manual breast pump) vs usual care (no pump) Exclusive breastfeeding at 4‐6 weeks · women with a pre‐pregnancy BMI > 29 kg/m², who were intending to breastfeed, had no history of breast surgery, who… Interventions for supporting the initiation and continuation of breastfeeding among women who are overweight… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.55 [0.2, 1.51] | 1 study · 34 participants | Very low |
Physical breastfeeding support interventions (electric or manual breast pump) vs usual care (no pump) Any breastfeeding at 4‐6 weeks · women with a pre‐pregnancy BMI > 29 kg/m², who were intending to breastfeed, had no history of breast surgery, who… Interventions for supporting the initiation and continuation of breastfeeding among women who are overweight… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.65 [0.41, 1.03] | 1 study · 34 participants | Very low |
Physical breastfeeding support interventions (electric or manual breast pump) vs usual care (no pump) Exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months · women with a pre‐pregnancy BMI > 29 kg/m², who were intending to breastfeed, had no history of breast surgery, who… Interventions for supporting the initiation and continuation of breastfeeding among women who are overweight… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Physical breastfeeding support interventions (electric or manual breast pump) vs usual care (no pump) Any breastfeeding at 6 months · women with a pre‐pregnancy BMI > 29 kg/m², who were intending to breastfeed, had no history of breast surgery, who… Interventions for supporting the initiation and continuation of breastfeeding among women who are overweight… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Multiple methods of breastfeeding support (including social, educational and/or physical support) vs usual care Non‐initiation of breastfeeding · pregnant or lactating women who were overweight or obese Interventions for supporting the initiation and continuation of breastfeeding among women who are overweight… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.07, 16.11] | 3 studies · 380 participants | Very low |
Multiple methods of breastfeeding support (including social, educational and/or physical support) vs usual care Exclusive breastfeeding at 4‐6 weeks · pregnant or lactating women who were overweight or obese Interventions for supporting the initiation and continuation of breastfeeding among women who are overweight… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.21 [0.83, 1.77] | 4 studies · 445 participants | Very low |
Multiple methods of breastfeeding support (including social, educational and/or physical support) vs usual care Any breastfeeding at 4‐6 weeks · pregnant or lactating women who were overweight or obese Interventions for supporting the initiation and continuation of breastfeeding among women who are overweight… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.57, 1.89] | 2 studies · 103 participants | Very low |
Multiple methods of breastfeeding support (including social, educational and/or physical support) vs usual care Exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months · pregnant or lactating women who were overweight or obese Interventions for supporting the initiation and continuation of breastfeeding among women who are overweight… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 7.23 [0.38, 137.08] | 1 study · 120 participants | Very low |
Fetal biometry vs maternal glycaemic values Caesarean delivery · women with gestational diabetes mellitus and their babies Fetal biometry for guiding the medical management of women with gestational diabetes mellitus for improving… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.59, 1.1] | 2 studies · 428 participants | Low |
Fetal biometry vs maternal glycaemic values Maternal Hypoglycaemia ‐ not reported · women with gestational diabetes mellitus and their babies Fetal biometry for guiding the medical management of women with gestational diabetes mellitus for improving… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Fetal biometry vs maternal glycaemic values Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (including pre‐eclampsia, pregnancy‐induced hypertension, eclampsia) · women with gestational diabetes mellitus and their babies Fetal biometry for guiding the medical management of women with gestational diabetes mellitus for improving… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.34, 1.89] | 2 studies · 325 participants | Very low |
Fetal biometry vs maternal glycaemic values Development of T2DM in mother ‐ not reported · women with gestational diabetes mellitus and their babies Fetal biometry for guiding the medical management of women with gestational diabetes mellitus for improving… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Fetal biometry vs maternal glycaemic values Large‐for‐gestational age · women with gestational diabetes mellitus and their babies Fetal biometry for guiding the medical management of women with gestational diabetes mellitus for improving… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.38, 1.74] | 3 studies · 524 participants | Very low |
Fetal biometry vs maternal glycaemic values Shoulder dystocia · women with gestational diabetes mellitus and their babies Fetal biometry for guiding the medical management of women with gestational diabetes mellitus for improving… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.01, 7.98] | 1 study · 96 participants | Very low |
Fetal biometry vs maternal glycaemic values Composite outcome neonatal morbidity or mortality · women with gestational diabetes mellitus and their babies Fetal biometry for guiding the medical management of women with gestational diabetes mellitus for improving… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.21, 4.71] | 1 study · 96 participants | Very low |
Fetal biometry vs maternal glycaemic values Neonatal hypoglycaemia · women with gestational diabetes mellitus and their babies Fetal biometry for guiding the medical management of women with gestational diabetes mellitus for improving… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.57, 1.42] | 3 studies · 524 participants | Low |
Fetal biometry vs maternal glycaemic values Perinatal mortality · women with gestational diabetes mellitus and their babies Fetal biometry for guiding the medical management of women with gestational diabetes mellitus for improving… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.01, 7.98] | 1 study · 96 participants | Very low |
A dose of vitamin D 601 IU or higher vs 600 IU or lower alone or with other nutrients Pre‐eclampsia · women during pregnancy. Regimens of vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.65, 1.42] | 5 studies · 1553 participants | Low |
A dose of vitamin D 601 IU or higher vs 600 IU or lower alone or with other nutrients Gestational diabetes · women during pregnancy. Regimens of vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.54 [0.34, 0.86] | 5 studies · 1846 participants | Moderate |
A dose of vitamin D 601 IU or higher vs 600 IU or lower alone or with other nutrients Preterm birth · women during pregnancy. Regimens of vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.25 [0.92, 1.69] | 4 studies · 2294 participants | Low |
A dose of vitamin D 601 IU or higher vs 600 IU or lower alone or with other nutrients Low birthweight · women during pregnancy. Regimens of vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.66, 1.24] | 4 studies · 1550 participants | Very low |
A dose of vitamin D 4000 IU/d or more vs 3999 IU/d or less alone or with any other nutrient Pre‐eclampsia · women during pregnancy Regimens of vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.62, 1.22] | 4 studies · 1903 participants | Low |
A dose of vitamin D 4000 IU/d or more vs 3999 IU/d or less alone or with any other nutrient Gestational diabetes · women during pregnancy Regimens of vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.56, 1.42] | 5 studies · 2276 participants | Low |
A dose of vitamin D 4000 IU/d or more vs 3999 IU/d or less alone or with any other nutrient Preterm birth · women during pregnancy Regimens of vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.64, 1.12] | 6 studies · 2948 participants | Low |
A dose of vitamin D 4000 IU/d or more vs 3999 IU/d or less alone or with any other nutrient Low birthweight · women during pregnancy Regimens of vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.49, 1.7] | 2 studies · 1099 participants | Low |
Immersion in water vs no immersion during first stage of labour Mode of birth (spontaneous vaginal birth) · women in labour Immersion in water during labour and birth (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.97, 1.04] | 6 studies · 2559 participants | Moderate |
Immersion in water vs no immersion during second stage of labour Mode of birth (spontaneous vaginal birth) · women in labour Immersion in water during labour and birth (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.96, 1.08] | 1 study · 120 participants | Low |
Immersion in water vs no immersion during second stage of labour Mode of birth (instrumental vaginal birth) · women in labour Immersion in water during labour and birth (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.06, 15.62] | 1 study · 120 participants | Very low |
Immersion in water vs no immersion during second stage of labour Mode of birth (caesarean section) · women in labour Immersion in water during labour and birth (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.01, 8.02] | 1 study · 120 participants | Very low |
Immersion in water vs no immersion during second stage of labour Use of analgesia (regional) · women in labour Immersion in water during labour and birth (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Immersion in water vs no immersion during second stage of labour Perineal trauma (third‐ or fourth‐degree tears) · women in labour Immersion in water during labour and birth (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Immersion in water vs no immersion during second stage of labour Perinatal death · women in labour Immersion in water during labour and birth (2018) · Cochrane | RR 3 [0.12, 72.2] | 1 study · 120 participants | Very low |
Immersion in water vs no immersion during second stage of labour Admission to neonatal intensive care unit · women in labour Immersion in water during labour and birth (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.38, 1.59] | 2 studies · 291 participants | Very low |
Immersion in water vs no immersion during second stage of labour Neonatal infection, including markers of infection such as pyrexia and raised white cell count: Neonatal temperature less than 36.2oC at birth · women in labour Immersion in water during labour and birth (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.3, 3.2] | 1 study · 109 participants | Very low |
Immersion in water vs no immersion during second stage of labour Neonatal infection, including markers of infection such as pyrexia and raised white cell count: Neonatal temperature greater than 37.5oC at birth · women in labour Immersion in water during labour and birth (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2.62 [0.73, 9.35] | 1 study · 109 participants | Very low |
Immersion in water vs no immersion during second stage of labour Neonatal infection, including markers of infection such as pyrexia and raised white cell count: Fever reported in first week · women in labour Immersion in water during labour and birth (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.53 [0.1, 2.82] | 1 study · 171 participants | Very low |
Immersion in water vs no immersion during first stage of labour Mode of birth (instrumental vaginal birth) · women in labour Immersion in water during labour and birth (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.7, 1.05] | 6 studies · 2559 participants | Low |
Immersion in water vs no immersion during second stage of labour Estimated blood loss (mL) · women in labour Immersion in water during labour and birth (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Immersion in water vs no immersion during first stage of labour Mode of birth (caesarean section) · women in labour Immersion in water during labour and birth (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.27 [0.91, 1.79] | 7 studies · 2652 participants | Low |
Immersion in water vs no immersion during first stage of labour Use of analgesia (regional) · women in labour Immersion in water during labour and birth (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.83, 0.99] | 5 studies · 2439 participants | Moderate |
Immersion in water vs no immersion during first stage of labour Perineal trauma (third‐ or fourth‐degree tears) · women in labour Immersion in water during labour and birth (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.36 [0.85, 2.18] | 4 studies · 2341 participants | Moderate |
Immersion in water vs no immersion during first stage of labour Perinatal death · women in labour Immersion in water during labour and birth (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Immersion in water vs no immersion during first stage of labour Admission to neonatal intensive care unit · women in labour Immersion in water during labour and birth (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.3 [0.42, 3.97] | 2 studies · 1511 participants | Low |