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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,751 questions in 147 reviews · Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care
current versionsNo studies 361 · 20.6%Ungraded 87 · 5%Very low 625 · 35.7%Low 367 · 21%Moderate 232 · 13.2%High 79 · 4.5%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Split‐course radiotherapy (8 fractions, 30 Gy) vs short‐course radiotherapy (2 fractions, 16 Gy) Reduction in analgesic and narcotic use One month after radiation · adults with metastatic extradural spinal cord compression (poor prognosis, no spinal instability or bony impingement… Interventions for the treatment of metastatic extradural spinal cord compression in adults (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.27 [0.96, 1.67] | 1 study · 262 participants | Moderate |
Split‐course radiotherapy (8 fractions, 30 Gy) vs short‐course radiotherapy (2 fractions, 16 Gy) Urinary continence One month after radiation · adults with metastatic extradural spinal cord compression (poor prognosis, no spinal instability or bony impingement… Interventions for the treatment of metastatic extradural spinal cord compression in adults (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.93, 1.02] | 1 study · 275 participants | Moderate |
Split‐course radiotherapy (8 fractions, 30 Gy) vs short‐course radiotherapy (2 fractions, 16 Gy) Local recurrence · adults with metastatic extradural spinal cord compression (poor prognosis, no spinal instability or bony impingement… Interventions for the treatment of metastatic extradural spinal cord compression in adults (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.1 [0.01, 1.72] | 1 study · 276 participants | Low |
Split‐course radiotherapy (8 fractions, 30 Gy) vs short‐course radiotherapy (2 fractions, 16 Gy) Adverse events Grade 3 oesophagitis, diarrhoea, and nausea · adults with metastatic extradural spinal cord compression (poor prognosis, no spinal instability or bony impingement… Interventions for the treatment of metastatic extradural spinal cord compression in adults (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.77 [0.43, 7.25] | 1 study · 276 participants | Moderate |
Split‐course radiotherapy (8 fractions, 30 Gy) vs short‐course radiotherapy (2 fractions, 16 Gy) Quality of life · adults with metastatic extradural spinal cord compression (poor prognosis, no spinal instability or bony impingement… Interventions for the treatment of metastatic extradural spinal cord compression in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Laminectomy plus radiotherapy vs radiotherapy Ambulation At four months · adults with metastatic extradural spinal cord compression (single lesion, no prior radiotherapy, fit for surgery) Interventions for the treatment of metastatic extradural spinal cord compression in adults (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.38, 2.48] | 1 study · 29 participants | Very low |
Laminectomy plus radiotherapy vs radiotherapy Survival At four months · adults with metastatic extradural spinal cord compression (single lesion, no prior radiotherapy, fit for surgery) Interventions for the treatment of metastatic extradural spinal cord compression in adults (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.22 [0.59, 2.53] | 1 study · 29 participants | Very low |
Laminectomy plus radiotherapy vs radiotherapy Reduction in analgesic use · adults with metastatic extradural spinal cord compression (single lesion, no prior radiotherapy, fit for surgery) Interventions for the treatment of metastatic extradural spinal cord compression in adults (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.42, 1.81] | 1 study · 26 participants | Very low |
Laminectomy plus radiotherapy vs radiotherapy Urinary continence One month after treatment · adults with metastatic extradural spinal cord compression (single lesion, no prior radiotherapy, fit for surgery) Interventions for the treatment of metastatic extradural spinal cord compression in adults (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.57, 2] | 1 study · 29 participants | Very low |
Laminectomy plus radiotherapy vs radiotherapy Local recurrence · adults with metastatic extradural spinal cord compression (single lesion, no prior radiotherapy, fit for surgery) Interventions for the treatment of metastatic extradural spinal cord compression in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Single‐fraction radiotherapy (8 Gy) vs short‐course radiotherapy (16 Gy Survival · adults with metastatic extradural spinal cord compression (poor prognosis with visceral metastasis, and no spinal… Interventions for the treatment of metastatic extradural spinal cord compression in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 1 participants | Moderate |
Laminectomy plus radiotherapy vs radiotherapy Adverse events · adults with metastatic extradural spinal cord compression (single lesion, no prior radiotherapy, fit for surgery) Interventions for the treatment of metastatic extradural spinal cord compression in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 29 participants | Ungraded |
Laminectomy plus radiotherapy vs radiotherapy Quality of life · adults with metastatic extradural spinal cord compression (single lesion, no prior radiotherapy, fit for surgery) Interventions for the treatment of metastatic extradural spinal cord compression in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Decompressive surgery plus radiotherapy vs radiotherapy Ambulation Immediately after completing RT · adults with metastatic extradural spinal cord compression (fit for surgery, paraplegic less than 48 hours, and without… Interventions for the treatment of metastatic extradural spinal cord compression in adults (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.48 [1.16, 1.9] | 1 study · 101 participants | Low |
Decompressive surgery plus radiotherapy vs radiotherapy Survival (short term) At 30 days · adults with metastatic extradural spinal cord compression (fit for surgery, paraplegic less than 48 hours, and without… Interventions for the treatment of metastatic extradural spinal cord compression in adults (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.96, 1.24] | 1 study · 101 participants | Low |
Decompressive surgery plus radiotherapy vs radiotherapy Reduction in analgesic and narcotic use · adults with metastatic extradural spinal cord compression (fit for surgery, paraplegic less than 48 hours, and without… Interventions for the treatment of metastatic extradural spinal cord compression in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 101 participants | Ungraded |
Decompressive surgery plus radiotherapy vs radiotherapy Urinary continence · adults with metastatic extradural spinal cord compression (fit for surgery, paraplegic less than 48 hours, and without… Interventions for the treatment of metastatic extradural spinal cord compression in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 101 participants | Ungraded |
Decompressive surgery plus radiotherapy vs radiotherapy Local recurrence · adults with metastatic extradural spinal cord compression (fit for surgery, paraplegic less than 48 hours, and without… Interventions for the treatment of metastatic extradural spinal cord compression in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Decompressive surgery plus radiotherapy vs radiotherapy Adverse events · adults with metastatic extradural spinal cord compression (fit for surgery, paraplegic less than 48 hours, and without… Interventions for the treatment of metastatic extradural spinal cord compression in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 101 participants | Ungraded |
Decompressive surgery plus radiotherapy vs radiotherapy Quality of life · adults with metastatic extradural spinal cord compression (fit for surgery, paraplegic less than 48 hours, and without… Interventions for the treatment of metastatic extradural spinal cord compression in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
High‐dose corticosteroids vs moderate‐dose or no corticosteroids Ambulation · adults with metastatic extradural spinal cord compression (without peptic ulceration or infection; mixed prognosis) Interventions for the treatment of metastatic extradural spinal cord compression in adults (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.81, 1.45] | 3 studies · 105 participants | Low |
Single‐fraction radiotherapy (8 Gy) vs short‐course radiotherapy (16 Gy Reduction in analgesic and narcotic use One month after radiation · adults with metastatic extradural spinal cord compression (poor prognosis with visceral metastasis, and no spinal… Interventions for the treatment of metastatic extradural spinal cord compression in adults (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.62, 1.16] | 1 study · 271 participants | Moderate |
High‐dose corticosteroids vs moderate‐dose or no corticosteroids Survival (long term) Over two years · adults with metastatic extradural spinal cord compression (without peptic ulceration or infection; mixed prognosis) Interventions for the treatment of metastatic extradural spinal cord compression in adults (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.24, 5.05] | 1 study · 57 participants | Low |
High‐dose corticosteroids vs moderate‐dose or no corticosteroids Pain reduction · adults with metastatic extradural spinal cord compression (without peptic ulceration or infection; mixed prognosis) Interventions for the treatment of metastatic extradural spinal cord compression in adults (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.62, 1.2] | 1 study · 25 participants | Low |
High‐dose corticosteroids vs moderate‐dose or no corticosteroids Urinary continence One week after treatment · adults with metastatic extradural spinal cord compression (without peptic ulceration or infection; mixed prognosis) Interventions for the treatment of metastatic extradural spinal cord compression in adults (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.18 [0.66, 2.13] | 1 study · 34 participants | Low |
High‐dose corticosteroids vs moderate‐dose or no corticosteroids Local recurrence ‐ · adults with metastatic extradural spinal cord compression (without peptic ulceration or infection; mixed prognosis) Interventions for the treatment of metastatic extradural spinal cord compression in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
High‐dose corticosteroids vs moderate‐dose or no corticosteroids Serious adverse events · adults with metastatic extradural spinal cord compression (without peptic ulceration or infection; mixed prognosis) Interventions for the treatment of metastatic extradural spinal cord compression in adults (2015) · Cochrane | RR 8.02 [1.03, 62.37] | 2 studies · 77 participants | Moderate |
High‐dose corticosteroids vs moderate‐dose or no corticosteroids Quality of life · adults with metastatic extradural spinal cord compression (without peptic ulceration or infection; mixed prognosis) Interventions for the treatment of metastatic extradural spinal cord compression in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Single‐fraction radiotherapy (8 Gy) vs short‐course radiotherapy (16 Gy Urinary continence One month after radiation · adults with metastatic extradural spinal cord compression (poor prognosis with visceral metastasis, and no spinal… Interventions for the treatment of metastatic extradural spinal cord compression in adults (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.96, 1.1] | 1 study · 303 participants | Moderate |
Single‐fraction radiotherapy (8 Gy) vs short‐course radiotherapy (16 Gy Local recurrence MRI: · adults with metastatic extradural spinal cord compression (poor prognosis with visceral metastasis, and no spinal… Interventions for the treatment of metastatic extradural spinal cord compression in adults (2015) · Cochrane | RR 2.21 [0.69, 7.01] | 1 study · 303 participants | Low |
Single‐fraction radiotherapy (8 Gy) vs short‐course radiotherapy (16 Gy Adverse events Grade 3 oesophagitis, diarrhoea and nausea · adults with metastatic extradural spinal cord compression (poor prognosis with visceral metastasis, and no spinal… Interventions for the treatment of metastatic extradural spinal cord compression in adults (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.14 [0.01, 2.69] | 1 study · 303 participants | Moderate |
Single‐fraction radiotherapy (8 Gy) vs short‐course radiotherapy (16 Gy Quality of life · adults with metastatic extradural spinal cord compression (poor prognosis with visceral metastasis, and no spinal… Interventions for the treatment of metastatic extradural spinal cord compression in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Split‐course radiotherapy (8 fractions, 30 Gy) vs short‐course radiotherapy (2 fractions, 16 Gy) Ambulation One month after treatment · adults with metastatic extradural spinal cord compression (poor prognosis, no spinal instability or bony impingement… Interventions for the treatment of metastatic extradural spinal cord compression in adults (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.9, 1.15] | 1 study · 276 participants | Moderate |
Split‐course radiotherapy (8 fractions, 30 Gy) vs short‐course radiotherapy (2 fractions, 16 Gy) Survival · adults with metastatic extradural spinal cord compression (poor prognosis, no spinal instability or bony impingement… Interventions for the treatment of metastatic extradural spinal cord compression in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 1 participants | Moderate |
Topical NSAIDs vs topical placebo Topical diclofenac gel (as Emulgel) Clinical success (eg 50% reduction in pain) · adults with strains, sprains, or muscle pull Topical NSAIDs for acute musculoskeletal pain in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 314 participants | High |
Topical NSAIDs vs topical placebo Topical ibuprofen gel Clinical success (eg 50% reduction in pain) · adults with strains, sprains, or muscle pull Topical NSAIDs for acute musculoskeletal pain in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 241 participants | Moderate |
Topical NSAIDs vs topical placebo Topical ketoprofen gel Clinical success (eg 50% reduction in pain) · adults with strains, sprains, or muscle pull Topical NSAIDs for acute musculoskeletal pain in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 348 participants | Moderate |
Topical NSAIDs vs topical placebo All topical NSAIDs Local adverse events · adults with strains, sprains, or muscle pull Topical NSAIDs for acute musculoskeletal pain in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 42 studies · 6125 participants | High |
Topical NSAIDs vs topical placebo All topical NSAIDs Systemic adverse events · adults with strains, sprains, or muscle pull Topical NSAIDs for acute musculoskeletal pain in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 38 studies · 5372 participants | High |
Topical NSAIDs vs topical placebo All topical NSAIDs Withdrawals ‐ adverse events · adults with strains, sprains, or muscle pull Topical NSAIDs for acute musculoskeletal pain in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 42 studies · 5790 participants | High |
Topical NSAIDs vs topical placebo Serious adverse events · adults with strains, sprains, or muscle pull Topical NSAIDs for acute musculoskeletal pain in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Milnacipran 100 mg/day · adults with fibromyalgia Milnacipran for pain in fibromyalgia in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 100 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR At least 50% reduction in pain or equivalent (substantial) · adults with fibromyalgia Milnacipran for pain in fibromyalgia in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 1250 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR At least 30% reduction in pain or equivalent (moderate) · adults with fibromyalgia Milnacipran for pain in fibromyalgia in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 1925 participants | High |
Intervention NR Adverse event withdrawals · adults with fibromyalgia Milnacipran for pain in fibromyalgia in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 2379 participants | High |
Intervention NR Serious adverse events · adults with fibromyalgia Milnacipran for pain in fibromyalgia in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 2378 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Death · adults with fibromyalgia Milnacipran for pain in fibromyalgia in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Milnacipran 200 mg/day · adults with fibromyalgia Milnacipran for pain in fibromyalgia in adults (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 200 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Cry duration · Children 1‐16 years undergoing needle‐related procedures Summary of sub‐analysis findings: Children 1‐4 years: Cry time Sweet tasting solutions for reduction of needle‐related procedural pain in children aged one to 16 years (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 520 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Change in short‐term disability (function) FIM motor · 106 participants with primary brain tumour Multidisciplinary rehabilitation after primary brain tumour treatment (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 106 participants | Low |