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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,000 questions in 69 reviews · Urology
current versionsNo studies 196 · 19.6%Ungraded 33 · 3.3%Very low 198 · 19.8%Low 354 · 35.4%Moderate 206 · 20.6%High 13 · 1.3%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Dose‐escalated RT vs conventional dose RT Time to distant metastasis · clinically localized and locally advanced prostate cancer Dose‐escalated radiotherapy for clinically localized and locally advanced prostate cancer (2023) · Cochrane | HR 0.83 [0.57, 1.22] | 7 studies · 3499 participants | Moderate |
Dose‐escalated RT vs conventional dose RT Overall RT toxicity (grade ≥ 1) · clinically localized and locally advanced prostate cancer Dose‐escalated radiotherapy for clinically localized and locally advanced prostate cancer (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.27 [1.04, 1.55] | 7 studies · 4328 participants | Low |
Dose‐escalated RT vs conventional dose RT Quality of life · clinically localized and locally advanced prostate cancer Dose‐escalated radiotherapy for clinically localized and locally advanced prostate cancer (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 300 participants | Moderate |
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy vs retrograde intrarenal surgery Stone‐free rate Assumed MCID: 5% · adults with renal stones Percutaneous nephrolithotomy versus retrograde intrarenal surgery for treatment of renal stones in adults (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [1.08, 1.18] | 39 studies · 4088 participants | Low |
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy vs retrograde intrarenal surgery Major complications Assumed MCID: 2% · adults with renal stones Percutaneous nephrolithotomy versus retrograde intrarenal surgery for treatment of renal stones in adults (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.59, 1.25] | 34 studies · 3649 participants | Moderate |
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy vs retrograde intrarenal surgery Need for secondary interventions Assumed MCID: 5% · adults with renal stones Percutaneous nephrolithotomy versus retrograde intrarenal surgery for treatment of renal stones in adults (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.31 [0.17, 0.55] | 21 studies · 2005 participants | Low |
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy vs retrograde intrarenal surgery Unplanned medical visits Assumed MCID: 5% · adults with renal stones Percutaneous nephrolithotomy versus retrograde intrarenal surgery for treatment of renal stones in adults (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy vs retrograde intrarenal surgery Hospital length of stay Assumed MCID: 1 day · adults with renal stones Percutaneous nephrolithotomy versus retrograde intrarenal surgery for treatment of renal stones in adults (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 26 studies · 2804 participants | Low |
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy vs retrograde intrarenal surgery Ureteral stricture or injury Assumed MCID: 2% · adults with renal stones Percutaneous nephrolithotomy versus retrograde intrarenal surgery for treatment of renal stones in adults (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.39, 2.21] | 13 studies · 1574 participants | Low |
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy vs retrograde intrarenal surgery Quality of life Assumed MCID: NA · adults with renal stones Percutaneous nephrolithotomy versus retrograde intrarenal surgery for treatment of renal stones in adults (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Immune checkpoint inhibitors vs any first‐line chemotherapy Time to death from any cause Range of · participants with advanced or metastatic muscle invasive bladder cancer Immunotherapy for advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma (2023) · Cochrane | HR 0.97 [0.87, 1.07] | 3 studies · 2068 participants | Moderate |
Immune checkpoint inhibitors vs any second‐line chemotherapy Time to death from bladder cancer · participants with advanced or metastatic muscle invasive bladder cancer Immunotherapy for advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Immune checkpoint inhibitors vs any second‐line chemotherapy Time to disease progression Range of · participants with advanced or metastatic muscle invasive bladder cancer Immunotherapy for advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma (2023) · Cochrane | HR 0.99 [0.84, 1.16] | 2 studies · 1473 participants | Very low |
Immune checkpoint inhibitors vs any second‐line chemotherapy Discontinuation due to adverse events Range of · participants with advanced or metastatic muscle invasive bladder cancer Immunotherapy for advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.35 [0.17, 0.72] | 2 studies · 1473 participants | Low |
Immune checkpoint inhibitors vs any first‐line chemotherapy Health‐related quality of life · participants with advanced or metastatic muscle invasive bladder cancer Immunotherapy for advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 393 participants | Moderate |
Immune checkpoint inhibitors vs any first‐line chemotherapy Adverse events grade 3 to 5 Range of · participants with advanced or metastatic muscle invasive bladder cancer Immunotherapy for advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.47 [0.29, 0.75] | 3 studies · 2046 participants | Moderate |
Immune checkpoint inhibitors vs any first‐line chemotherapy Time to death from bladder cancer · participants with advanced or metastatic muscle invasive bladder cancer Immunotherapy for advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Immune checkpoint inhibitors vs any first‐line chemotherapy Time to disease progression Range of · participants with advanced or metastatic muscle invasive bladder cancer Immunotherapy for advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma (2023) · Cochrane | HR 1.33 [1.17, 1.5] | 2 studies · 1349 participants | Moderate |
Immune checkpoint inhibitors vs any first‐line chemotherapy Discontinuation due to adverse events Range of · participants with advanced or metastatic muscle invasive bladder cancer Immunotherapy for advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.47 [0.2, 1.1] | 3 studies · 2046 participants | Low |
Immune checkpoint inhibitors vs any second‐line chemotherapy Time to death from any cause Range of · participants with advanced or metastatic muscle invasive bladder cancer Immunotherapy for advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma (2023) · Cochrane | HR 0.72 [0.63, 0.81] | 2 studies · 1473 participants | Low |
Immune checkpoint inhibitors vs any second‐line chemotherapy Health‐related quality of life · participants with advanced or metastatic muscle invasive bladder cancer Immunotherapy for advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 727 participants | Low |
Immune checkpoint inhibitors vs any second‐line chemotherapy Adverse events grade 3 to 5 Range of · participants with advanced or metastatic muscle invasive bladder cancer Immunotherapy for advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.81, 0.97] | 2 studies · 1423 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Overall survival (OS) ‐ Network (subnet 1) included 19 pairwise comparisons ‐ Median · people with a confirmed diagnosis of advanced renal cell carcinoma (combined risk groups) without previous systemic… First‐line therapy for adults with advanced renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and network… (2023) · Cochrane | HR 0.73 [0.5, 1.07] | 17 studies · 9705 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Quality of life · people with a confirmed diagnosis of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and a favourable risk according to the… First‐line therapy for adults with advanced renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and network… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Progression‐free survival (PFS) ‐ Network (subnet 1) included 5 pairwise comparisons ‐ Median · people with a confirmed diagnosis of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and a favourable risk according to the… First‐line therapy for adults with advanced renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and network… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 933 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Adverse events (grade 3 to 4) · people with a confirmed diagnosis of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and a favourable risk according to the… First‐line therapy for adults with advanced renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and network… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Time to initiation of first subsequent therapy · people with a confirmed diagnosis of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and a favourable risk according to the… First‐line therapy for adults with advanced renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and network… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR MSKCC risk group · people with a confirmed diagnosis of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and a favourable risk according to the… First‐line therapy for adults with advanced renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and network… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Overall survival (OS) ‐ Network (subnet 1) included 3 pairwise comparisons ‐ Median · people with a confirmed diagnosis of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and a favourable risk according to the… First‐line therapy for adults with advanced renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and network… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 594 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Serious adverse events (SAEs) · people with a confirmed diagnosis of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and a favourable risk according to the… First‐line therapy for adults with advanced renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and network… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Quality of life (QoL) · people with a confirmed diagnosis of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and a favourable risk according to the… First‐line therapy for adults with advanced renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and network… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Progression‐free survival (PFS) ‐ Network (subnet 1) included 7 pairwise comparisons ‐ Median · people with a confirmed diagnosis of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and a favourable risk according to the… First‐line therapy for adults with advanced renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and network… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 784 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR IMDC risk groups · people with a confirmed diagnosis of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and an intermediate or poor risk according to… First‐line therapy for adults with advanced renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and network… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Quality of life (QoL) We reported this outcome narratively in this review. Here, long‐term results (i.e., at the end of treatment) are presented. In the comparison PAZ versus SUN, QoL was measured using FACIT‐F (score range 0‐52; higher scores rep... · people with a confirmed diagnosis of advanced renal cell carcinoma (combined risk groups) without previous systemic… First‐line therapy for adults with advanced renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and network… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Overall survival (OS) ‐ Network (subnet 1) included 10 pairwise comparisons ‐ Median · people with a confirmed diagnosis of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and an intermediate or poor risk according to… First‐line therapy for adults with advanced renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and network… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 2908 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Quality of life · people with a confirmed diagnosis of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and an intermediate or poor risk according to… First‐line therapy for adults with advanced renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and network… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Serious adverse events · people with a confirmed diagnosis of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and an intermediate or poor risk according to… First‐line therapy for adults with advanced renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and network… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Progression‐free survival (PFS) ‐ Network (subnet 1) included 11 pairwise comparisons ‐ Median · people with a confirmed diagnosis of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and an intermediate or poor risk according to… First‐line therapy for adults with advanced renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and network… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 2908 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Adverse events (grade 3 or 4) · people with a confirmed diagnosis of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and an intermediate or poor risk according to… First‐line therapy for adults with advanced renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and network… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Time to initiation of first subsequent therapy · people with a confirmed diagnosis of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and an intermediate or poor risk according to… First‐line therapy for adults with advanced renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and network… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR MSKCC risk groups · people with a confirmed diagnosis of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and an intermediate or poor risk according to… First‐line therapy for adults with advanced renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and network… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Overall survival (OS) ‐ Network included 15 pairwise comparisons ‐ Median · people with a confirmed diagnosis of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and an intermediate or poor risk according to… First‐line therapy for adults with advanced renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and network… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 3937 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Quality of life (QoL) · people with a confirmed diagnosis of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and an intermediate or poor risk according to… First‐line therapy for adults with advanced renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and network… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Progression‐free survival (PFS) ‐ Network (subnet 1) included 10 pairwise comparisons ‐ Median · people with a confirmed diagnosis of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and an intermediate or poor risk according to… First‐line therapy for adults with advanced renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and network… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 1522 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Serious adverse events (SAEs) ‐ Network included 31 pairwise comparisons ‐ Mean risk with SUN across trials3 included in this network: 40.7% · people with a confirmed diagnosis of advanced renal cell carcinoma (combined risk groups) without previous systemic… First‐line therapy for adults with advanced renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and network… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.29 [0.9, 1.85] | 22 studies · 10709 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Progression‐free survival (PFS) ‐ Network (subnet 1) included 27 pairwise comparisons ‐ Median · people with a confirmed diagnosis of advanced renal cell carcinoma (combined risk groups) without previous systemic… First‐line therapy for adults with advanced renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and network… (2023) · Cochrane | HR 0.68 [0.52, 0.89] | 25 studies · 11737 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Adverse events (AEs) (grade 3 or 4) ‐ Network included 19 pairwise comparisons ‐ Mean risk with SUN across trials3 in this network: 70.6% · people with a confirmed diagnosis of advanced renal cell carcinoma (combined risk groups) without previous systemic… First‐line therapy for adults with advanced renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and network… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 13 studies · 6909 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Time to initiation of first subsequent therapy This outcome was not reported as a time‐to‐event outcome. Instead, authors of the trials reported the number of participants who received subsequent anticancer therapy after discontinuation of trial t... · people with a confirmed diagnosis of advanced renal cell carcinoma (combined risk groups) without previous systemic… First‐line therapy for adults with advanced renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and network… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.72 [0.64, 0.81] | 1 study · 861 participants | Low |
Intervention NR IMDC risk group · people with a confirmed diagnosis of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and a favourable risk according to the… First‐line therapy for adults with advanced renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and network… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Overall survival (OS) ‐ Network (subnet 1) included 5 pairwise comparisons ‐ Median · people with a confirmed diagnosis of advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and a favourable risk according to the… First‐line therapy for adults with advanced renal cell carcinoma: a systematic review and network… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 933 participants | Ungraded |