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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,589 questions in 168 reviews · Schizophrenia
current versionsNo studies 601 · 23.2%Ungraded 446 · 17.2%Very low 721 · 27.8%Low 505 · 19.5%Moderate 274 · 10.6%High 42 · 1.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Summary of findings table ‐ Antipsychotic dose reduction vs dose continuation Adverse effects ‐ number of participants with at least 1 adverse effect (combined time points) · people with schizophrenia Antipsychotic dose reduction compared to dose continuation for people with schizophrenia (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.94, 1.12] | 5 studies · 998 participants | Moderate |
VIDEO GAMES (COMMERCIAL NON‐EXERGAMES) (plus standard care) vs COGNITIVE REMEDIATION (plus standard care) Functioning: general ‐ average endpoint score (Strauss Carpenter Outcome Scale)* ‐ by end of treatment · people with schizophrenia Video games for people with schizophrenia (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 86 participants | Very low |
VIDEO GAMES (EXERGAMES) (plus standard care) vs STANDARD CARE Functioning: specific ‐ social ‐ clinically important change · people with schizophrenia Video games for people with schizophrenia (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
VIDEO GAMES (EXERGAMES) (plus standard care) vs STANDARD CARE Adverse effects*: leaving the study early ‐ did not leave · people with schizophrenia Video games for people with schizophrenia (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.75, 1.51] | 1 study · 33 participants | Low |
VIDEO GAMES (EXERGAMES) (plus standard care) vs STANDARD CARE Mental state: overall ‐ clinically important change · people with schizophrenia Video games for people with schizophrenia (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
VIDEO GAMES (EXERGAMES) (plus standard care) vs STANDARD CARE Physical fitness*: average change VO2 peak (AF, increase = good) · people with schizophrenia Video games for people with schizophrenia (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 33 participants | Low |
VIDEO GAMES (EXERGAMES) (plus standard care) vs STANDARD CARE Quality of life: overall ‐ any change · people with schizophrenia Video games for people with schizophrenia (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
VIDEO GAMES (EXERGAMES) (plus standard care) vs VIDEO GAMES (NON‐EXERGAMES) (plus standard care) Functioning: general ‐ clinically important change · people with schizophrenia Video games for people with schizophrenia (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
VIDEO GAMES (EXERGAMES) (plus standard care) vs VIDEO GAMES (NON‐EXERGAMES) (plus standard care) Functioning: specific ‐ cognitive ‐ clinically important change · people with schizophrenia Video games for people with schizophrenia (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
VIDEO GAMES (EXERGAMES) (plus standard care) vs VIDEO GAMES (NON‐EXERGAMES) (plus standard care) Functioning: specific ‐ social ‐ clinically important change · people with schizophrenia Video games for people with schizophrenia (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
VIDEO GAMES (EXERGAMES) (plus standard care) vs VIDEO GAMES (NON‐EXERGAMES) (plus standard care) Adverse effect: any important adverse effect · people with schizophrenia Video games for people with schizophrenia (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
VIDEO GAMES (EXERGAMES) (plus standard care) vs VIDEO GAMES (NON‐EXERGAMES) (plus standard care) Mental state: overall ‐ clinically important change · people with schizophrenia Video games for people with schizophrenia (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
VIDEO GAMES (COMMERCIAL NON‐EXERGAMES) (plus standard care) vs COGNITIVE REMEDIATION (plus standard care) Functioning: specific ‐ cognitive ‐ improved (MCCB, at least 1 domain) ‐ 3‐month · people with schizophrenia Video games for people with schizophrenia (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.58 [0.34, 0.99] | 1 study · 42 participants | Low |
VIDEO GAMES (EXERGAMES) (plus standard care) vs VIDEO GAMES (NON‐EXERGAMES) (plus standard care) Physical fitness: specific ‐ walking speed ‐ average endpoint (seconds taken to walk 3 metres)* · people with schizophrenia Video games for people with schizophrenia (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 28 participants | Very low |
VIDEO GAMES (EXERGAMES) (plus standard care) vs VIDEO GAMES (NON‐EXERGAMES) (plus standard care) Quality of life: overall ‐ any change · people with schizophrenia Video games for people with schizophrenia (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
VIDEO GAMES (COMMERCIAL NON‐EXERGAMES) (plus standard care) vs COGNITIVE REMEDIATION (plus standard care) Functioning: specific ‐ social ‐ average endpoint score (SLOF, high = good)* ‐ by end of treatment · people with schizophrenia Video games for people with schizophrenia (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 53 participants | Very low |
VIDEO GAMES (COMMERCIAL NON‐EXERGAMES) (plus standard care) vs COGNITIVE REMEDIATION (plus standard care) Adverse effects*: leaving the study early ‐ did not leave ‐ by end of treatment · people with schizophrenia Video games for people with schizophrenia (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.87, 1.06] | 5 studies · 395 participants | Low |
VIDEO GAMES (COMMERCIAL NON‐EXERGAMES) (plus standard care) vs COGNITIVE REMEDIATION (plus standard care) Mental state: overall ‐ average endpoint score (PANSS, total, high = poor)* ‐ by end of treatment · people with schizophrenia Video games for people with schizophrenia (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 269 participants | Low |
VIDEO GAMES (COMMERCIAL NON‐EXERGAMES) (plus standard care) vs COGNITIVE REMEDIATION (plus standard care) Physical fitness: clinically important change · people with schizophrenia Video games for people with schizophrenia (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
VIDEO GAMES (COMMERCIAL NON‐EXERGAMES) (plus standard care) vs COGNITIVE REMEDIATION (plus standard care) Quality of life: overall ‐ average endpoint score (QLS, high = good) ‐ by end of treatment · people with schizophrenia Video games for people with schizophrenia (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 87 participants | Very low |
VIDEO GAMES (EXERGAMES) (plus standard care) vs STANDARD CARE Functioning: general ‐ clinically important change · people with schizophrenia Video games for people with schizophrenia (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
VIDEO GAMES (EXERGAMES) (plus standard care) vs STANDARD CARE Functioning: specific ‐ cognitive ‐ average change score (MCCB, increase = good)* · people with schizophrenia Video games for people with schizophrenia (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 33 participants | Low |
Humour‐based interventions vs active controls Average endpoint on a general mental state measured by PANSS total score** · People with schizophrenia Humour‐based interventions for people with schizophrenia (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Humour‐based interventions vs standard care Quality of life: clinically‐important change in general quality of life ‐ as defined by individual studies (long‐term). · People with schizophrenia Humour‐based interventions for people with schizophrenia (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Humour‐based interventions vs standard care Adverse effects/events: at least 1 adverse effect ‐ as defined by individual studies · People with schizophrenia Humour‐based interventions for people with schizophrenia (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Humour‐based interventions vs standard care Leaving the study early for any reason · People with schizophrenia Humour‐based interventions for people with schizophrenia (2021) · Cochrane | Risk ratio 0.38 | 1 study · 66 participants | Very low |
Humour‐based interventions vs standard care Cognitive functioning: clinically‐important change in cognitive functioning ‐ as defined by individual studies (long‐term). · People with schizophrenia Humour‐based interventions for people with schizophrenia (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Humour‐based interventions vs standard care Social functioning: clinically‐important change in social functioning ‐ as defined by individual studies (long‐term). · People with schizophrenia Humour‐based interventions for people with schizophrenia (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Humour‐based interventions vs active controls Average endpoint on negative symptoms measured by PANSS negative symptom score*** · People with schizophrenia Humour‐based interventions for people with schizophrenia (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Humour‐based interventions vs active controls Quality of life: clinically important change in general quality of life ‐ as defined by individual studies (long term). Â · People with schizophrenia Humour‐based interventions for people with schizophrenia (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Humour‐based interventions vs active controls Adverse effects/events: at least 1 adverse effect ‐ as defined by individual studies. · People with schizophrenia Humour‐based interventions for people with schizophrenia (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Humour‐based interventions vs active controls Leaving the study early for any reason · People with schizophrenia Humour‐based interventions for people with schizophrenia (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Humour‐based interventions vs active controls Cognitive functioning: clinically‐important change in cognitive functioning ‐ as defined by individual studies (long‐term). Â · People with schizophrenia Humour‐based interventions for people with schizophrenia (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Humour‐based interventions vs active controls Social functioning: clinically‐important change in social functioning ‐ as defined by individual studies (long‐term). · People with schizophrenia Humour‐based interventions for people with schizophrenia (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Humour‐based interventions vs standard care Clinically‐important change in general mental state, as defined by individual studie · People with schizophrenia Humour‐based interventions for people with schizophrenia (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Humour‐based interventions vs standard care Clinically‐important change in negative symptoms, as defined by individual studies · People with schizophrenia Humour‐based interventions for people with schizophrenia (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Parenting interventions vs control conditions Parenting skills: clinically important change · parents with schizophrenia or related serious mental illness Parenting interventions for people with schizophrenia or related serious mental illness (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Parenting interventions vs control conditions Parenting skills: any change · parents with schizophrenia or related serious mental illness Parenting interventions for people with schizophrenia or related serious mental illness (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Parenting interventions vs control conditions Adverse event: at least one adverse event · parents with schizophrenia or related serious mental illness Parenting interventions for people with schizophrenia or related serious mental illness (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Parenting interventions vs control conditions Quality of relationship with child: clinically important change · parents with schizophrenia or related serious mental illness Parenting interventions for people with schizophrenia or related serious mental illness (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Parenting interventions vs control conditions Quality of relationship with child: any change · parents with schizophrenia or related serious mental illness Parenting interventions for people with schizophrenia or related serious mental illness (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Parenting interventions vs control conditions Behaviour of child: clinically important change in specific aspects of behaviour · parents with schizophrenia or related serious mental illness Parenting interventions for people with schizophrenia or related serious mental illness (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Parenting interventions vs control conditions Social services involvement: at least one child protection issue reported · parents with schizophrenia or related serious mental illness Parenting interventions for people with schizophrenia or related serious mental illness (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Maintenance treatment with antipsychotic drugs vs placebo/no treatment Relapse: 7 to 12 months · schizophrenia Maintenance treatment with antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.38 [0.32, 0.45] | 30 studies · 4249 participants | High |
Maintenance treatment with antipsychotic drugs vs placebo/no treatment Leaving the study early: due to any reason (acceptability of treatment) · schizophrenia Maintenance treatment with antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.54 [0.49, 0.61] | 56 studies · 7001 participants | High |
Maintenance treatment with antipsychotic drugs vs placebo/no treatment Service use: number of participants hospitalised · schizophrenia Maintenance treatment with antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.43 [0.32, 0.57] | 21 studies · 3558 participants | High |
Maintenance treatment with antipsychotic drugs vs placebo/no treatment Death: due to suicide · schizophrenia Maintenance treatment with antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.12, 2.97] | 19 studies · 4634 participants | Low |
Maintenance treatment with antipsychotic drugs vs placebo/no treatment Quality of life (various scales; low score=better) · schizophrenia Maintenance treatment with antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 1573 participants | Low |
Maintenance treatment with antipsychotic drugs vs placebo/no treatment Number of participants in employment · schizophrenia Maintenance treatment with antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.82, 1.41] | 3 studies · 593 participants | Low |
Maintenance treatment with antipsychotic drugs vs placebo/no treatment Social functioning (various scales; low score=better) · schizophrenia Maintenance treatment with antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 15 studies · 3588 participants | Moderate |