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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
448 questions in 37 reviews · Multiple Sclerosis and Rare Diseases of the CNS
current versionsNo studies 50 · 11.2%Ungraded 14 · 3.1%Very low 132 · 29.5%Low 160 · 35.7%Moderate 76 · 17%High 16 · 3.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Alemtuzumab 12 mg vs interferon beta‐1a Change in disability Assessed by: EDSS · adults with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis Alemtuzumab for multiple sclerosis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 223 participants | Low |
Alemtuzumab 12 mg vs interferon beta‐1a New or enlarging T2‐hyperintense lesions Assessed by: number of participants with new or enlarging T2‐hyperintense lesions · adults with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis Alemtuzumab for multiple sclerosis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Alemtuzumab 12 mg vs interferon beta‐1a Dropouts Assessed by: number of participants who dropped out · adults with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis Alemtuzumab for multiple sclerosis (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.57, 1.14] | 1 study · 224 participants | Very low |
Alemtuzumab 24 mg vs interferon beta‐1a Relapse‐free survival · adults with multiple sclerosis Alemtuzumab for multiple sclerosis (2023) · Cochrane | HR 0.21 [0.11, 0.4] | 1 study · 221 participants | Low |
Alemtuzumab 24 mg vs interferon beta‐1a Sustained disease progression‐free survival · adults with multiple sclerosis Alemtuzumab for multiple sclerosis (2023) · Cochrane | HR 0.33 [0.16, 0.69] | 1 study · 221 participants | Low |
Alemtuzumab 24 mg vs interferon beta‐1a Adverse events, including serious adverse events Assessed by: number of participants with ≥ 1 event · adults with multiple sclerosis Alemtuzumab for multiple sclerosis (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.97, 1.02] | 1 study · 215 participants | Low |
Summary of findings 1. Immunotherapies vs placebo (1885) · adults with multiple sclerosis Interventions: immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs Comparator: placebo… Adverse effects of immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 3776 participants | Low |
Summary of findings 1. Immunotherapies vs placebo (407) · adults with multiple sclerosis Interventions: immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs Comparator: placebo… Adverse effects of immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 234 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings 1. Immunotherapies vs placebo (1512) · adults with multiple sclerosis Interventions: immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs Comparator: placebo… Adverse effects of immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1012 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings 1. Immunotherapies vs placebo (3774) · adults with multiple sclerosis Interventions: immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs Comparator: placebo… Adverse effects of immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 4088 participants | Low |
Summary of findings 1. Immunotherapies vs placebo (3044) · adults with multiple sclerosis Interventions: immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs Comparator: placebo… Adverse effects of immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 3207 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings 1. Immunotherapies vs placebo (1935) · adults with multiple sclerosis Interventions: immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs Comparator: placebo… Adverse effects of immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 1294 participants | Low |
Summary of findings 1. Immunotherapies vs placebo (543) · adults with multiple sclerosis Interventions: immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs Comparator: placebo… Adverse effects of immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 404 participants | Low |
Summary of findings 1. Immunotherapies vs placebo (4360) · adults with multiple sclerosis Interventions: immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs Comparator: placebo… Adverse effects of immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 2278 participants | Low |
Summary of findings 1. Immunotherapies vs placebo (1941) · adults with multiple sclerosis Interventions: immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs Comparator: placebo… Adverse effects of immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 1334 participants | Low |
Summary of findings 1. Immunotherapies vs placebo (295) · adults with multiple sclerosis Interventions: immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs Comparator: placebo… Adverse effects of immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 1153 participants | Low |
Summary of findings 1. Immunotherapies vs placebo (354) · adults with multiple sclerosis Interventions: immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs Comparator: placebo… Adverse effects of immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 243 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings 1. Immunotherapies vs placebo (2834) · adults with multiple sclerosis Interventions: immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs Comparator: placebo… Adverse effects of immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 2109 participants | Low |
Summary of findings 2: Immunotherapies vs placebo (0) · adults with multiple sclerosis Interventions: immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs Comparator: placebo… Adverse effects of immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 253 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings 2: Immunotherapies vs placebo (2134) · adults with multiple sclerosis Interventions: immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs Comparator: placebo… Adverse effects of immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 1309 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings 2: Immunotherapies vs placebo (889) · adults with multiple sclerosis Interventions: immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs Comparator: placebo… Adverse effects of immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 1421 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings 2: Immunotherapies vs placebo (2578) · adults with multiple sclerosis Interventions: immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs Comparator: placebo… Adverse effects of immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 1948 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings 2: Immunotherapies vs placebo (3044) · adults with multiple sclerosis Interventions: immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs Comparator: placebo… Adverse effects of immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 3207 participants | Low |
Summary of findings 2: Immunotherapies vs placebo (60) · adults with multiple sclerosis Interventions: immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs Comparator: placebo… Adverse effects of immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 31 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings 2: Immunotherapies vs placebo (4360) · adults with multiple sclerosis Interventions: immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs Comparator: placebo… Adverse effects of immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 2278 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings 2: Immunotherapies vs placebo (295) · adults with multiple sclerosis Interventions: immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs Comparator: placebo… Adverse effects of immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 1153 participants | Low |
Summary of findings 2: Immunotherapies vs placebo (2169) · adults with multiple sclerosis Interventions: immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs Comparator: placebo… Adverse effects of immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 13 studies · 4007 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings 2: Immunotherapies vs placebo (543) · adults with multiple sclerosis Interventions: immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs Comparator: placebo… Adverse effects of immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 404 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings 1. Immunotherapies vs placebo (621) · adults with multiple sclerosis Interventions: immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs Comparator: placebo… Adverse effects of immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 1336 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings 2: Immunotherapies vs placebo (1941) · adults with multiple sclerosis Interventions: immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs Comparator: placebo… Adverse effects of immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 1334 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings 2: Immunotherapies vs placebo (1935) · adults with multiple sclerosis Interventions: immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs Comparator: placebo… Adverse effects of immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 1294 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings 2: Immunotherapies vs placebo (5032) · adults with multiple sclerosis Interventions: immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs Comparator: placebo… Adverse effects of immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 15 studies · 4752 participants | Low |
Summary of findings 2: Immunotherapies vs placebo (3774) · adults with multiple sclerosis Interventions: immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs Comparator: placebo… Adverse effects of immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 4118 participants | Low |
Summary of findings 2: Immunotherapies vs placebo (1003) · adults with multiple sclerosis Interventions: immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs Comparator: placebo… Adverse effects of immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 533 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings 2: Immunotherapies vs placebo (242) · adults with multiple sclerosis Interventions: immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs Comparator: placebo… Adverse effects of immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 182 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings 2: Immunotherapies vs placebo (2693) · adults with multiple sclerosis Interventions: immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs Comparator: placebo… Adverse effects of immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 16 studies · 3886 participants | Low |
Summary of findings 2: Immunotherapies vs placebo (621) · adults with multiple sclerosis Interventions: immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs Comparator: placebo… Adverse effects of immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 1336 participants | Low |
Summary of findings 2: Immunotherapies vs placebo (2601) · adults with multiple sclerosis Interventions: immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs Comparator: placebo… Adverse effects of immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 12 studies · 3615 participants | Low |
Summary of findings 2: Immunotherapies vs placebo (1512) · adults with multiple sclerosis Interventions: immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs Comparator: placebo… Adverse effects of immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1012 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings 1. Immunotherapies vs placebo (4984) · adults with multiple sclerosis Interventions: immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs Comparator: placebo… Adverse effects of immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 13 studies · 4688 participants | Low |
Summary of findings 2: Immunotherapies vs placebo (513) · adults with multiple sclerosis Interventions: immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs Comparator: placebo… Adverse effects of immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 369 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings 1. Immunotherapies vs placebo (889) · adults with multiple sclerosis Interventions: immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs Comparator: placebo… Adverse effects of immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 1421 participants | Low |
Summary of findings 1. Immunotherapies vs placebo (0) · adults with multiple sclerosis Interventions: immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs Comparator: placebo… Adverse effects of immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 1774 participants | Low |
Summary of findings 1. Immunotherapies vs placebo (939) · adults with multiple sclerosis Interventions: immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs Comparator: placebo… Adverse effects of immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 2674 participants | Low |
Summary of findings 1. Immunotherapies vs placebo (2384) · adults with multiple sclerosis Interventions: immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs Comparator: placebo… Adverse effects of immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 17 studies · 3692 participants | Low |
Summary of findings 1. Immunotherapies vs placebo (2134) · adults with multiple sclerosis Interventions: immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory drugs Comparator: placebo… Adverse effects of immunotherapies for multiple sclerosis: a network meta‐analysis (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 1309 participants | Low |
Ocrelizumab vs interferon beta‐1a Number of participants experiencing ≥ 1 relapse · people with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis Ocrelizumab for multiple sclerosis (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.61 [0.52, 0.73] | 2 studies · 1656 participants | Moderate |
Ocrelizumab vs placebo Number of participants with any serious adverse events · people with primary progressive multiple sclerosis Ocrelizumab for multiple sclerosis (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.68, 1.23] | 1 study · 725 participants | Low |
Ocrelizumab vs placebo Number of participants experiencing treatment discontinuation caused by adverse event · people with primary progressive multiple sclerosis Ocrelizumab for multiple sclerosis (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.23 [0.55, 2.75] | 1 study · 725 participants | Low |
Ocrelizumab vs placebo Number of participants with gadolinium‐enhancing T1 lesions on MRI · people with primary progressive multiple sclerosis Ocrelizumab for multiple sclerosis (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |