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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,852 questions in 128 reviews · Effective Practice and Organisation of Care
current versionsNo studies 557 · 30.1%Ungraded 53 · 2.9%Very low 446 · 24.1%Low 476 · 25.7%Moderate 255 · 13.8%High 65 · 3.5%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Immunisation outreach vs routine care Proportion of children who received DTP3/Penta 3 by 1 year of age · children under 5 years of age Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.32 [1.11, 1.56] | 1 study · 541 participants | Very low |
Immunisation outreach vs routine care Proportion of children who received all recommended vaccines by 25 years of age · children under 5 years of age Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.33 [1, 1.76] | 1 study · 309 participants | Very low |
Immunisation outreach vs routine care Proportion of children who received the vaccine under study (BCG) · children under 5 years of age Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.99, 1.13] | 1 study · 647 participants | Very low |
Health education vs routine care Received at least one vaccine · children under 5 years of age Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.58 [1.21, 2.05] | 1 study · 228 participants | Moderate |
Immunisation outreach vs routine care Proportion of children who received the vaccine under study (HBV3) · children under 5 years of age Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.36 [1.13, 1.64] | 1 study · 541 participants | Very low |
Immunisation outreach vs routine care Proportion of children who received the vaccine under study (OPV3) · children under 5 years of age Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.38 [1.16, 1.65] | 1 study · 541 participants | Very low |
Immunisation outreach vs routine care Proportion of children who received measles vaccine · children under 5 years of age Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.26 [0.91, 1.74] | 1 study · 647 participants | Very low |
Immunisation outreach vs routine care Proportion of children under 5 years of age fully immunised with all scheduled vaccines (outreach only) · children under 5 years of age Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2023) · Cochrane | RR 3.09 [2.11, 4.53] | 1 study · 1239 participants | Moderate |
Immunisation outreach vs routine care Proportion of children under 5 years of age fully immunised with all scheduled vaccines (outreach + health education) · children under 5 years of age Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.28 [1.23, 1.33] | 1 study · 49444 participants | Moderate |
Immunisation outreach vs routine care Proportion of children under 5 years of age fully immunised with all scheduled vaccines (outreach + non‐monetary incentive) · children under 5 years of age Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2023) · Cochrane | RR 6.66 [4.78, 9.28] | 1 study · 1242 participants | Moderate |
Immunisation outreach vs routine care Occurrence of vaccine‐preventable diseases · children under 5 years of age Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Immunisation outreach vs routine care Cost of the intervention ‐ reported narratively in one studyc · children under 5 years of age Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Immunisation outreach vs routine care Adverse events · children under 5 years of age Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Integration of immunisation with other health services vs routine care Proportion of children who received DTP3/Penta 3 by 1 year of age · children under 5 years of age Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.27 [1.17, 1.38] | 1 study · 2192 participants | Low |
Health education vs routine care Proportion of children under 5 years of age fully immunised with all scheduled vaccines · children under 5 years of age Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.24 [1.06, 1.44] | 3 studies · 2387 participants | Low |
Integration of immunisation with other health services vs routine care Proportion of children who received all recommended vaccines by 2 years of age · children under 5 years of age Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.29 [1.16, 1.44] | 1 study · 1700 participants | Low |
Integration of immunisation with other health services vs routine care Proportion of children who received the vaccine under study (BCG) · children under 5 years of age Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.93, 1.01] | 1 study · 2089 participants | Low |
Integration of immunisation with other health services vs routine care Proportion of children who received the vaccine under study (yellow fever) · children under 5 years of age Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [1.04, 1.22] | 1 study · 1383 participants | Low |
Integration of immunisation with other health services vs routine care Proportion of children who received the vaccine under study (measles) · children under 5 years of age Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [1.04, 1.22] | 1 study · 1370 participants | Low |
Integration of immunisation with other health services vs routine care Proportion of children under 5 years of age fully immunised with all scheduled vaccines · children under 5 years of age Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Integration of immunisation with other health services vs routine care Occurrence of vaccine‐preventable diseases · children under 5 years of age Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Integration of immunisation with other health services vs routine care Cost of the intervention · children under 5 years of age Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Integration of immunisation with other health services vs routine care Adverse events · children under 5 years of age Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Engagement of community leaders vs routine care Proportion of children who received DTP3 or Penta 3 by 1 year of age · children under 5 years of age Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.37 [1.11, 1.69] | 1 study · 2020 participants | Moderate |
Engagement of community leaders vs routine care Proportion of children who received all recommended vaccines by 2 years of age · children under 5 years of age Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low‐ and middle‐income countries (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pharmaceutical care vs usual care Medication appropriateness (as measured by an implicit tool; lower scores are better) From baseline to · older people receiving polypharmacy Interventions to improve the appropriate use of polypharmacy for older people (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 947 participants | Very low |
Pharmaceutical care vs usual care The number of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) · older people receiving polypharmacy Interventions to improve the appropriate use of polypharmacy for older people (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 2404 participants | Very low |
Pharmaceutical care vs usual care The proportion of patients with one or more potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) · older people receiving polypharmacy Interventions to improve the appropriate use of polypharmacy for older people (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.68, 0.98] | 13 studies · 4534 participants | Very low |
Pharmaceutical care vs usual care The number of potential prescribing omissions (PPOs) · older people receiving polypharmacy Interventions to improve the appropriate use of polypharmacy for older people (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 691 participants | Very low |
Pharmaceutical care vs usual care The proportion of patients with one or more potential prescribing omission (PPO) · older people receiving polypharmacy Interventions to improve the appropriate use of polypharmacy for older people (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.5 [0.27, 0.91] | 7 studies · 2765 participants | Very low |
Pharmaceutical care vs usual care Hospital admissions · older people receiving polypharmacy Interventions to improve the appropriate use of polypharmacy for older people (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 14 studies · 4797 participants | Low |
Pharmaceutical care vs usual care Quality of life · older people receiving polypharmacy Interventions to improve the appropriate use of polypharmacy for older people (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 16 studies · 7458 participants | Low |
Medication review vs standard care Mortality (all‐cause) Median · hospitalised adult patients Medication review in hospitalised patients to reduce morbidity and mortality (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.87, 1.05] | 18 studies · 10108 participants | Low |
Medication review vs standard care Hospital readmission (all‐cause) Median · hospitalised adult patients Medication review in hospitalised patients to reduce morbidity and mortality (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.89, 0.98] | 17 studies · 9561 participants | Moderate |
Medication review vs standard care Hospital emergency department contacts (all‐cause) Median · hospitalised adult patients Medication review in hospitalised patients to reduce morbidity and mortality (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.68, 1.03] | 8 studies · 3527 participants | Low |
Medication review vs standard care Health‐related quality of lifeg Median · hospitalised adult patients Medication review in hospitalised patients to reduce morbidity and mortality (2023) · Cochrane | SMD 0.1 | 4 studies · 392 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Quality of care: adherence to evidence‐based recommendations during hospital admission · health professionals providing care to patients with stroke Interventions for the uptake of evidence‐based recommendations in acute stroke settings (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.73 [0.83, 3.61] | 4 studies · 2144 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Quality of care: proportion of patients with ischaemic stroke who receive thrombolysis (first 24 hours of admission) · health professionals providing care to patients with stroke Interventions for the uptake of evidence‐based recommendations in acute stroke settings (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.14 [0.94, 1.37] | 2 studies · 1228 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Quality of care: proportion of patients who receive a swallow screen within 24 hours of admission · health professionals providing care to patients with stroke Interventions for the uptake of evidence‐based recommendations in acute stroke settings (2023) · Cochrane | RR 6.76 [4.44, 10.76] | 1 study · 1804 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Patient outcome: death, disability or dependency at 90 days · health professionals providing care to patients with stroke Interventions for the uptake of evidence‐based recommendations in acute stroke settings (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.85, 1.02] | 3 studies · 1228 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Hospital length of stay · health professionals providing care to patients with stroke Interventions for the uptake of evidence‐based recommendations in acute stroke settings (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1804 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Resource use or economic outcomes during hospital stay · health professionals providing care to patients with stroke Interventions for the uptake of evidence‐based recommendations in acute stroke settings (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Health professional knowledge at 90 d · health professionals providing care to patients with stroke Interventions for the uptake of evidence‐based recommendations in acute stroke settings (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Case management for integrated care vs usual care of older people living with frailty Mortality · people aged 65 years and older living with frailty Case management for integrated care of older people with frailty in community settings (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.84, 1.15] | 14 studies · 9924 participants | Low |
Case management for integrated care vs usual care of older people living with frailty Change in place of residence to a nursing or residential home · people aged 65 years and older living with frailty Case management for integrated care of older people with frailty in community settings (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.53, 1.01] | 4 studies · 1108 participants | Low |
Case management for integrated care vs usual care of older people living with frailty Quality of life · people aged 65 years and older living with frailty Case management for integrated care of older people with frailty in community settings (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 9284 participants | Low |
Case management for integrated care vs usual care of older people living with frailty Serious adverse effects · people aged 65 years and older living with frailty Case management for integrated care of older people with frailty in community settings (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 592 participants | Low |
Case management for integrated care vs usual care of older people living with frailty Change in physical function · people aged 65 years and older living with frailty Case management for integrated care of older people with frailty in community settings (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 16 studies · 10652 participants | Low |
Case management for integrated care vs usual care of older people living with frailty Change in healthcare utilisation (hospital admissions) · people aged 65 years and older living with frailty Case management for integrated care of older people with frailty in community settings (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.79, 1.05] | 5 studies · 2424 participants | Moderate |
Case management for integrated care vs usual care of older people living with frailty Change in costs · people aged 65 years and older living with frailty Case management for integrated care of older people with frailty in community settings (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 14 studies · 8486 participants | Moderate |