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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,080 questions in 109 reviews · Acute Respiratory Infections
current versionsNo studies 132 · 12.2%Ungraded 90 · 8.3%Very low 169 · 15.6%Low 306 · 28.3%Moderate 287 · 26.6%High 96 · 8.9%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Nebulised hypertonic saline vs nebulised 0.9% saline Clinical severity score (post‐treatment) at day 3 · infants up to 24 months of age with acute bronchiolitis Nebulised hypertonic saline solution for acute bronchiolitis in infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 785 participants | Low |
Nebulised hypertonic saline vs nebulised 0.9% saline Rate of hospitalisation · infants up to 24 months of age with acute bronchiolitis Nebulised hypertonic saline solution for acute bronchiolitis in infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.78, 0.97] | 8 studies · 1760 participants | Low |
Nebulised hypertonic saline vs nebulised 0.9% saline Rate of readmission to hospital · infants up to 24 months of age with acute bronchiolitis Nebulised hypertonic saline solution for acute bronchiolitis in infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.55, 1.25] | 6 studies · 1084 participants | Low |
Nebulised hypertonic saline vs nebulised 0.9% saline Number of days to resolution of symptoms and signs (wheezing) · infants up to 24 months of age with acute bronchiolitis Nebulised hypertonic saline solution for acute bronchiolitis in infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 205 participants | Very low |
Nebulised hypertonic saline vs nebulised 0.9% saline Number of days to resolution of symptoms and signs (cough) · infants up to 24 months of age with acute bronchiolitis Nebulised hypertonic saline solution for acute bronchiolitis in infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 363 participants | Very low |
Nebulised hypertonic saline vs nebulised 0.9% saline Number of days to resolution of symptoms and signs(pulmonary moist crackles) · infants up to 24 months of age with acute bronchiolitis Nebulised hypertonic saline solution for acute bronchiolitis in infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 205 participants | Very low |
Live zoster vaccine vs placebo Cumulative incidence of herpes zoster, 3.1 years · healthy older adults aged ≥ 60 years Vaccines for preventing herpes zoster in older adults (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.49 [0.43, 0.56] | 1 study · 38546 participants | Moderate |
Recombinant zoster vaccine vs placebo Participants with adverse events ‐ serious adverse eventsClinical or laboratory criteria · healthy older adults aged ≥ 60 years Vaccines for preventing herpes zoster in older adults (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.91, 1.03] | 2 studies · 29311 participants | Moderate |
Recombinant zoster vaccine vs placebo Participants with adverse events ‐ any systemic symptomClinical criteria · healthy older adults aged ≥ 60 years Vaccines for preventing herpes zoster in older adults (2023) · Cochrane | RR 2.23 [2.12, 2.34] | 2 studies · 9762 participants | Moderate |
Recombinant zoster vaccine vs placebo Participants with adverse events ‐ potential immune‐mediated diseaseClinical or laboratory criteria · healthy older adults aged ≥ 60 years Vaccines for preventing herpes zoster in older adults (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.71, 1.08] | 2 studies · 29311 participants | Moderate |
Recombinant zoster vaccine vs placebo Participants with adverse events ‐ any local symptomClinical criteria · healthy older adults aged ≥ 60 years Vaccines for preventing herpes zoster in older adults (2023) · Cochrane | RR 6.89 [6.37, 7.45] | 2 studies · 9769 participants | Moderate |
Recombinant zoster vaccine vs placebo Dropouts ‐ did not receive second doseClinical or laboratory criteria · healthy older adults aged ≥ 60 years Vaccines for preventing herpes zoster in older adults (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.25 [1.13, 1.39] | 2 studies · 29311 participants | Moderate |
Live zoster vaccine vs placebo Participants with adverse eventsClinical or laboratory criteria · healthy older adults aged ≥ 60 years Vaccines for preventing herpes zoster in older adults (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.71 [1.38, 2.11] | 5 studies · 7119 participants | Moderate |
Live zoster vaccine vs placebo DeathClinical criteria · healthy older adults aged ≥ 60 years Vaccines for preventing herpes zoster in older adults (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.92, 1.11] | 5 studies · 50820 participants | Moderate |
Live zoster vaccine vs placebo Participants with adverse events: 1 or more serious adverse events regardless of type of storage of the vaccineClinical or laboratory criteria · healthy older adults aged ≥ 60 years Vaccines for preventing herpes zoster in older adults (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.95, 1.21] | 6 studies · 51029 participants | Moderate |
Live zoster vaccine vs placebo Participants with adverse events ‐ systemic adverse eventsClinical or laboratory criteria · healthy older adults aged ≥ 60 years Vaccines for preventing herpes zoster in older adults (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.24 [0.82, 1.87] | 5 studies · 7119 participants | Moderate |
Live zoster vaccine vs placebo Participants with adverse events ‐ injection site adverse eventsClinical criteria · healthy older adults aged ≥ 60 years Vaccines for preventing herpes zoster in older adults (2023) · Cochrane | RR 3.73 [1.93, 7.21] | 4 studies · 7040 participants | Moderate |
Live zoster vaccine vs placebo DropoutsClinical or laboratory criteria · healthy older adults aged ≥ 60 years Vaccines for preventing herpes zoster in older adults (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.9, 1.08] | 3 studies · 38916 participants | Moderate |
Recombinant zoster vaccine vs placebo Cumulative incidence of herpes zoster at least 3.2 years · healthy older adults aged ≥ 60 years Vaccines for preventing herpes zoster in older adults (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.08 [0.03, 0.23] | 2 studies · 22022 participants | Moderate |
Recombinant zoster vaccine vs placebo Participants with adverse events ‐ deathClinical criteria · healthy older adults aged ≥ 60 years Vaccines for preventing herpes zoster in older adults (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.84, 1.04] | 2 studies · 29311 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Immunoglobulins vs placebo Mortality (any cause during hospitalisation or · children with respiratory syncytial virus infection Immunoglobulin treatment for hospitalised infants and young children with respiratory syncytial virus… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.14, 5.27] | 4 studies · 309 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Immunoglobulins vs placebo Length of hospitalisation (days) · children with respiratory syncytial virus infection Immunoglobulin treatment for hospitalised infants and young children with respiratory syncytial virus… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 737 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Immunoglobulins vs placebo Adverse events of any severity or seriousness · children with respiratory syncytial virus infection Immunoglobulin treatment for hospitalised infants and young children with respiratory syncytial virus… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.18 [0.78, 1.78] | 5 studies · 340 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Immunoglobulins vs placebo Serious adverse events · children with respiratory syncytial virus infection Immunoglobulin treatment for hospitalised infants and young children with respiratory syncytial virus… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.65, 1.79] | 4 studies · 238 participants | Low |
Paracetamol vs placebo hours Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
NSAIDs vs placebo to 72 hours (48 hours) Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.28 [0.11, 0.7] | 1 study · 146 participants | Low |
NSAIDs vs placebo to 7 days Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
NSAIDs vs placebo Adverse events Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.76 [0.44, 7.1] | 1 study · 146 participants | Very low |
NSAIDs vs placebo Mean time to resolution of pain Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
NSAIDs vs placebo Mean pain score at various time points Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
NSAIDs vs placebo Reconsultations Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
NSAIDs vs placebo Delayed antibiotic prescriptions Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
NSAIDs vs paracetamol hours Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.59, 1.18] | 2 studies · 39 participants | Very low |
NSAIDs vs paracetamol to 72 hours Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.54, 1.54] | 3 studies · 183 participants | Low |
NSAIDs vs paracetamol to 7 days Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.74 [0.17, 3.23] | 2 studies · 38 participants | Very low |
Paracetamol vs placebo to 72 hours (48 hours) Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.38 [0.17, 0.85] | 1 study · 148 participants | Low |
NSAIDs vs paracetamol Adverse events Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.71 [0.43, 6.9] | 3 studies · 281 participants | Very low |
NSAIDs vs paracetamol Mean time to resolution of pain Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
NSAIDs vs paracetamol Reconsultations Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [0.92, 1.4] | 1 study · 53 participants | Very low |
NSAIDs vs paracetamol Delayed antibiotic prescriptions Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.32 [0.74, 2.35] | 1 study · 53 participants | Very low |
Paracetamol vs placebo to 7 days Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Paracetamol vs placebo Adverse events Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.21, 4.93] | 1 study · 148 participants | Very low |
Paracetamol vs placebo Mean time to resolution of pain Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Paracetamol vs placebo Mean pain score at various time points Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Paracetamol vs placebo Reconsultations Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Paracetamol vs placebo Delayed antibiotic prescriptions Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
NSAIDs vs placebo hours Paracetamol (acetaminophen) or non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, alone or combined, for pain relief in… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Vitamin D vs placebo Time to resolution of acute illness ( · children with acute pneumonia Vitamin D as an adjunct to antibiotics for the treatment of acute childhood pneumonia (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 1188 participants | Moderate |
Vitamin D vs placebo Duration of hospitalisation ( · children with acute pneumonia Vitamin D as an adjunct to antibiotics for the treatment of acute childhood pneumonia (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 1023 participants | Very low |
Vitamin D vs placebo Mortality rate ( · children with acute pneumonia Vitamin D as an adjunct to antibiotics for the treatment of acute childhood pneumonia (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.69 [0.44, 1.07] | 3 studies · 584 participants | Low |