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What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

47 questions · 47 findings · 2 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth

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No studies found 1 · 2.1%GRADE not reported 4 · 8.5%Very low 32 · 68.1%Low 10 · 21.3%Moderate 0 · 0%High 0 · 0%

Cooling treatment (ice pack) vs no treatment

Perineal bruising within 24 hours of giving birth · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth

It is very uncertain whether cooling treatment (ice pack or cold gel pad) changes perineal bruising within 24 hours of giving birth compared with no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Cooling treatment (ice pack) vs no treatment

Perineal bruising 24 ‐ 48 hours after giving birth · Women with perineal trauma (tear or episiotomy, or both) sustained during childbirth

It is very uncertain whether cooling treatment (ice pack or cold gel pad) changes perineal bruising 24 ‐ 48 hours after giving birth compared with no treatment (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any supplement containing iodine vs same supplement without iodine or no treatment/placebo (maternal outcomes)

Low birthweight · women during the preconception, pregnancy and postpartum period

Any supplement containing iodine showed no clear difference in low birthweight compared with same supplement without iodine or no treatment/placebo (child… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any supplement containing iodine vs same supplement without iodine or no treatment/placebo (maternal outcomes)

Neonatal hypothyroidism or elevated TSH · women during the preconception, pregnancy and postpartum period

It is very uncertain whether any supplement containing iodine changes neonatal hypothyroidism or elevated TSH compared with same supplement without iodine or no treatment/placebo (child… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any supplement containing iodine vs same supplement without iodine or no treatment/placebo (maternal outcomes)

Neonatal adverse effect: elevated TPO‐ab · women during the preconception, pregnancy and postpartum period

It is very uncertain whether any supplement containing iodine changes neonatal adverse effect: elevated TPO‐ab compared with same supplement without iodine or no treatment/placebo (child… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Any supplement containing iodine vs same supplement without iodine or no treatment/placebo (maternal outcomes)

Perinatal mortality · women during the preconception, pregnancy and postpartum period

Any supplement containing iodine showed no clear difference in perinatal mortality compared with same supplement without iodine or no treatment/placebo (child… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review