Pain intensity (number of people with ≥ 30% improvement) (Higher scores indicate improvement) · chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults
CBT probably leads to higher pain intensity (number of people with ≥ 30% improvement) (Higher… compared with TAU (post‐treatment) (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Pain intensity (number of people with ≥ 50% improvement) · chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults
CBT may leads to higher pain intensity (number of people with ≥ 50% improvement) (Higher… compared with TAU (post‐treatment) (low certainty).
2 findings from 1 review
Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults
1 finding from 1 review
Mean pain intensity (Numeric Rating Scale 0–10) · adults with cancer‐related pain
Cannabis‐based medicines showed no clear difference in mean pain intensity (Numeric Rating Scale 0–10) compared with placebo medication (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Reduction in pain intensity · children with acute postoperative pain
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
0 participants
GRADE not reported
Pain intensity ‐ as reported by child, at 2 to 24 hours № of participants: 300 (3 RCTs) · children with acute postoperative pain
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
1 study · 2 participants
Very low
Pain intensity ‐ as reported by child, at 0 to 2 hours № of participants: 180 (2 RCTs) · children with acute postoperative pain
1 finding from 1 review
Pain intensity ‐ as reported by child, at 2 to 24 hours № of participants: 300 (3 RCTs) · children with acute postoperative pain
1 finding from 1 review
Reduction in pain intensity · children with acute postoperative pain
2 findings from 1 review
no estimate extracted
0 participants
GRADE not reported
no estimate extracted
2 participants
GRADE not reported
Reduction in pain intensity · children with acute postoperative pain
2 findings from 1 review
no estimate extracted
0 participants
GRADE not reported
no estimate extracted
2 participants
GRADE not reported
Pain intensity (mean across treatment or at end of treatment; length of treatment varied across trials; various pain intensity scales; SMD) · adults with cancer‐related pain
It is very uncertain whether CR oxycodone changes pain intensity (mean across treatment or at end of treatment; length… compared with IR oxycodone (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · adults with cancer‐related pain
CR oxycodone may leads to higher pain intensity (various pain intensity scales; SMD) compared with CR morphine (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Participant‐reported pain intensity VAS (0‐10, lower score = less pain) · people with moderate to severe cancer pain
1 finding from 1 review
Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · people with moderate to severe cancer pain
1 finding from 1 review
Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · people with moderate to severe cancer pain
1 finding from 1 review
Pain intensity VAS (0 to 100; 0 = no pain, 100 = worst pain) · adults with chronic pain
3 findings from 1 review
Pain intensity VAS (0 to 100; 0 = no pain, 100 = worst pain) · adults with chronic pain
3 findings from 1 review
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 303 participants
Very low
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 635 participants
Low
no estimate extracted
1 study · 44 participants
Very low
Participant‐reported pain relief of 50% or greater · adults with chronic pain
It is very uncertain whether active stimulation + other intervention changes pain intensity. Proportion with ≥ 50% pain relief. compared with other intervention alone (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Participant‐reported pain relief of 50% or greater · adults with chronic pain
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Pain intensity (number of people with ≥ 50% improvement) · adults with chronic pain
Active stimulation + other intervention may leads to higher pain intensity. Proportion with ≥50% pain relief. compared with other intervention alone (low certainty).
2 findings from 1 review