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What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

324 questions · 341 findings · 54 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 120 · 35.2%GRADE not reported 9 · 2.6%Very low 97 · 28.4%Low 80 · 23.5%Moderate 25 · 7.3%High 10 · 2.9%

Massage vs active control

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · patients with LBP
1 finding from 1 review

Targeted mass media intervention vs targeted mass media intervention plus personalised content

Intake meeting target from dietary guidelines, 3 months from baseline · adult, ethnic minority groups: Latino immigrants, elderly Chinese immigrants, self‐described Americans of African heritage

It is very uncertain whether targeted mass media intervention changes intake meeting target from dietary guidelines, 3 months from baseline compared with targeted mass media intervention plus personalised content (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Targeted mass media intervention vs targeted mass media intervention plus personalised content

Changes in dietary composition, 12 months from baseline · adult, ethnic minority groups: Latino immigrants, elderly Chinese immigrants, self‐described Americans of African heritage
1 finding from 1 review

Targeted mass media intervention vs targeted mass media intervention plus personalised content

Weekly physical activity meeting target from guidelines, 3 months from baseline · adult, ethnic minority groups: Latino immigrants, elderly Chinese immigrants, self‐described Americans of African heritage

It is very uncertain whether targeted mass media intervention changes weekly physical activity meeting target from guidelines, 3 months… compared with targeted mass media intervention plus personalised content (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Targeted mass media intervention vs targeted mass media intervention plus personalised content

Knowledge of nutrition and physical activity guidelines · adult, ethnic minority groups: Latino immigrants, elderly Chinese immigrants, self‐described Americans of African heritage

It is very uncertain whether targeted mass media intervention changes knowledge of nutrition and physical activity guidelines compared with targeted mass media intervention plus personalised content (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Targeted mass media intervention vs targeted mass media intervention plus personalised content

Adverse effects · adult, ethnic minority groups: Latino immigrants, elderly Chinese immigrants, self‐described Americans of African heritage

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Targeted mass media intervention vs targeted mass media intervention plus personalised content

Any outcome considered an adverse effect · adult, ethnic minority groups: Latino immigrants, elderly Chinese immigrants, self‐described Americans of African heritage

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review