What do systematic reviews say?

Metformin vs placebo

Metformin showed no clear difference in gestational hypertension compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Metformin for women who are overweight or obese during pregnancy for improving maternal and infant outcomes 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.02 [0.54, 1.94]
  3 studies · 1040 participants
  Low

Metformin vs placebo

Metformin showed no clear difference in pre‐eclampsia compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Metformin for women who are overweight or obese during pregnancy for improving maternal and infant outcomes 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.74 [0.09, 6.28]
  2 studies · 840 participants
  Low

Metformin vs placebo

Metformin showed no clear difference in gestational diabetes (as defined by the trial authors) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Metformin for women who are overweight or obese during pregnancy for improving maternal and infant outcomes 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.85 [0.61, 1.19]
  3 studies · 892 participants
  Moderate

Metformin vs placebo

Metformin leads to higher adverse effects associated with the treatment: diarrhoea compared with placebo (high certainty).

• Metformin for women who are overweight or obese during pregnancy for improving maternal and infant outcomes 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.34 [1.74, 3.14]
  2 studies · 797 participants
  High

Metformin vs placebo

• Metformin for women who are overweight or obese during pregnancy for improving maternal and infant outcomes 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 834 participants
  High

Fetal biometry vs maternal glycaemic values

Fetal biometry showed no clear difference in caesarean delivery compared with maternal glycaemic values (low certainty).

• Fetal biometry for guiding the medical management of women with gestational diabetes mellitus for improving maternal… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.81 [0.59, 1.1]
  2 studies · 428 participants
  Low

Fetal biometry vs maternal glycaemic values

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Fetal biometry for guiding the medical management of women with gestational diabetes mellitus for improving maternal… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Fetal biometry vs maternal glycaemic values

It is very uncertain whether fetal biometry changes hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (including pre‐eclampsia,… compared with maternal glycaemic values (very low certainty).

• Fetal biometry for guiding the medical management of women with gestational diabetes mellitus for improving maternal… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.8 [0.34, 1.89]
  2 studies · 325 participants
  Very low

Fetal biometry vs maternal glycaemic values

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Fetal biometry for guiding the medical management of women with gestational diabetes mellitus for improving maternal… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Fetal biometry vs maternal glycaemic values

It is very uncertain whether fetal biometry changes large‐for‐gestational age compared with maternal glycaemic values (very low certainty).

• Fetal biometry for guiding the medical management of women with gestational diabetes mellitus for improving maternal… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.81 [0.38, 1.74]
  3 studies · 524 participants
  Very low

Fetal biometry vs maternal glycaemic values

It is very uncertain whether fetal biometry changes shoulder dystocia compared with maternal glycaemic values (very low certainty).

• Fetal biometry for guiding the medical management of women with gestational diabetes mellitus for improving maternal… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.33 [0.01, 7.98]
  1 study · 96 participants
  Very low

Fetal biometry vs maternal glycaemic values

It is very uncertain whether fetal biometry changes composite outcome neonatal morbidity or mortality compared with maternal glycaemic values (very low certainty).

• Fetal biometry for guiding the medical management of women with gestational diabetes mellitus for improving maternal… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1 [0.21, 4.71]
  1 study · 96 participants
  Very low

Fetal biometry vs maternal glycaemic values

Fetal biometry showed no clear difference in neonatal hypoglycaemia compared with maternal glycaemic values (low certainty).

• Fetal biometry for guiding the medical management of women with gestational diabetes mellitus for improving maternal… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.9 [0.57, 1.42]
  3 studies · 524 participants
  Low

Fetal biometry vs maternal glycaemic values

It is very uncertain whether fetal biometry changes perinatal mortality compared with maternal glycaemic values (very low certainty).

• Fetal biometry for guiding the medical management of women with gestational diabetes mellitus for improving maternal… 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.33 [0.01, 7.98]
  1 study · 96 participants
  Very low

Betamethasone acetate plus phosphate vs betamethasone phosphate – fetal/neonatal outcomes

It is very uncertain whether betamethasone acetate plus phosphate changes any known death after randomisation (fetal, neonatal, child, child… compared with betamethasone phosphate – fetal/neonatal outcomes (very low certainty).

• Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm birth 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.32 [0.01, 7.69]
  1 study · 69 participants
  Very low

Betamethasone acetate plus phosphate vs betamethasone phosphate – fetal/neonatal outcomes

It is very uncertain whether betamethasone acetate plus phosphate changes respiratory distress syndrome compared with betamethasone phosphate – fetal/neonatal outcomes (very low certainty).

• Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm birth 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.19 [0.01, 3.91]
  1 study · 69 participants
  Very low

Betamethasone acetate plus phosphate vs betamethasone phosphate – fetal/neonatal outcomes

It is very uncertain whether betamethasone acetate plus phosphate changes intraventricular haemorrhage compared with betamethasone phosphate – fetal/neonatal outcomes (very low certainty).

• Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm birth 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.32 [0.01, 7.69]
  1 study · 69 participants
  Very low

Betamethasone acetate plus phosphate vs betamethasone phosphate – fetal/neonatal outcomes

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm birth 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Betamethasone acetate plus phosphate vs betamethasone phosphate – fetal/neonatal outcomes

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Different corticosteroids and regimens for accelerating fetal lung maturation for babies at risk of preterm birth 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Oral betamimetic vs placebo

Oral betamimetic may leads to lower preterm labour compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Prophylactic oral betamimetics for reducing preterm birth in women with a twin pregnancy 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.37 [0.17, 0.78]
  2 studies · 194 participants
  Low