Intervention not reported
NIPS during 1‐2 minutes after IM injection Range of scale 0‐7 A lower score = less pain Lawrence 1993 · neonates with pain associated with intramuscular injection
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
PIPP during IM injection (term infants) ‐ Infants of non‐diabetic and diabetic mothers Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · neonates with pain associated with intramuscular injection
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
NIPS during 1‐2 minutes after immunization Range of scale 0‐7 A lower score = less pain Lawrence 1993 · neonates with pain associated with intramuscular injection
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Change in DAN score Range of scale 0‐10 A lower score = less pain (Carbajal 1997) · neonates with pain associated with bladder catheterization
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
PIPP score during heel lance (1st heel lance) Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · neonates with heel lance‐associated pain
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
PIPP score intra procedure Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · neonates with pain associated with orogastric tube insertion
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
PIPP score 30 seconds post procedure Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · neonates with pain associated with orogastric tube insertion
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
PIPP score 1 min post procedure Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · neonates with pain associated with orogastric tube insertion
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
PIPP during exam Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · neonates with pain/distress associated with ROP examination
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
PIPP score during eye examination Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · neonates
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
N‐PASS score during circumcision Range of scale 0‐13 A lower score = less pain (Hummel 2010) · neonates undergoing circumcision
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
N‐PASS score after 5 min Range of scale 0‐13 A lower score = less pain (Hummel 2010) · neonates undergoing circumcision
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
N‐PASS score during circumcision Range 0‐13 A lower score = less pain (Hummel 2010) · neonates undergoing circumcision
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
N‐PASS score after 5 min Range 0‐13 A lower score = less pain (Hummel 2010) · neonates undergoing circumcision
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
DAN score at 30 s after heel lance Range of scale 0‐10 A lower score = less pain (Carbajal 1997) · neonates with heel lance‐associated pain
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
NIPS during heel lance Range of scale 0‐7 A lower score = less pain Lawrence 1993 · neonates with heel lance‐associated pain
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
NFCS Range of scale 0‐10 in term infants 0‐9 in preterm infants A lower score = less pain Grunau 1987 · newborns with heel lance‐associated pain
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
PIPP 30 s after heel lance (term and preterm infants) Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · newborns with heel lance‐associated pain
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
PIPP 60 s after heel lance Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · newborns with heel lance‐associated pain
1 finding from 1 review
Mortality Mortality at latest · preterm or low birth weight infants
Early (less than seven days following birth) higher showed no clear difference in mortality (latest time reported up to hospital discharge) compared with lower sodium intake (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review