Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

130 questions · 134 findings · 34 reviews · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 21 · 15.7%GRADE not reported 0 · 0%Very low 41 · 30.6%Low 48 · 35.8%Moderate 16 · 11.9%High 8 · 6%

Higher‐dose vs lower‐dose nicotine patch

Smoking cessation · people who smoke

Higher‐dose showed no clear difference in smoking cessation ‐ 42/44 mg versus 21/22 mg (24‐hour patches) compared with lower‐dose nicotine patch (moderate certainty).

3 findings from 1 review

Higher‐dose vs lower‐dose nicotine patch

SAEs · people who smoke

Higher‐dose showed no clear difference in overall SAEs ‐ 42/44 mg versus 21/22 mg (24 hr patches) compared with lower‐dose nicotine patch (low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

Higher‐dose vs lower‐dose nicotine patch

Treatment withdrawals ‐ 21 mg versus 14 mg (24‐hour patches) · people who smoke

Higher‐dose showed no clear difference in treatment withdrawals ‐ 21 mg versus 14 mg (24‐hour patches) compared with lower‐dose nicotine patch (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

High‐frequency chest wall oscillation plus fibrobronchoscope alveolar lavage vs fibrobronchoscope alveolar lavage alone

All‐cause mortality · people with severe pneumonia and receiving mechanical ventilation

It is very uncertain whether high‐frequency chest wall oscillation plus fibrobronchoscope… changes mortality compared with fibrobronchoscope alveolar lavage alone (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review