Exacerbations requiring steroids or antibiotics or both: number of participants · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol leads to lower exacerbations requiring steroids or antibiotics or both: number of… compared with formoterol (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Quality of life: number of participants with clinically significant improvement (≥ 4 units) in SGRQ total score · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol showed no clear difference in quality of life: number of participants with clinically significant… compared with formoterol (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Length of hospital stay · children hospitalised with an acute asthma exacerbation
1 finding from 1 review
Time to regular dose of short‐acting beta2‐agonists (hours) · children hospitalised with an acute asthma exacerbation
1 finding from 1 review
Asthma clinical scores · children hospitalised with an acute asthma exacerbation
Combination of anticholinergics + beta2‐agonists showed no clear difference in asthma clinical scores compared with beta2‐agonists alone (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Incidence of admissions to the ICU · children hospitalised with an acute asthma exacerbation
1 finding from 1 review
Overall withdrawals · children hospitalised with an acute asthma exacerbation
Combination of anticholinergics + beta2‐agonists showed no clear difference in overall withdrawals compared with beta2‐agonists alone (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse health events · children hospitalised with an acute asthma exacerbation
1 finding from 1 review
Outcomes (weighted · stable COPD
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Moderate‐to‐severe exacerbations (rate) · stable COPD
Triple therapy may leads to lower moderate‐to‐severe exacerbations (rate) compared with LABA/LAMA combination (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Severe exacerbations (rate) · stable COPD
Triple therapy may leads to lower severe exacerbations (rate) compared with LABA/LAMA combination (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Respiratory HRQoL measured by SGRQ, ≥ 4‐point decrease from baseline (lower scores indicate better HRQoL) · stable COPD
Triple therapy leads to higher respiratory HRQoL measured by SGRQ, ≥ 4‐point decrease from baseline… compared with LABA/LAMA combination (high certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Pneumonia (labelled as an SAE) · stable COPD
Triple therapy probably leads to higher pneumonia (labelled as an SAE) compared with LABA/LAMA combination (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
SAEs · stable COPD
Triple therapy showed no clear difference in all‐cause SAEs compared with LABA/LAMA combination (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Symptoms of dyspnoea · stable COPD
Triple therapy probably leads to higher symptom score TDI, ≥ 1‐unit increase (lower scores indicate worse… compared with LABA/LAMA combination (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Change in baseline trough FEV1 · stable COPD
Triple therapy may leads to higher lung function, change in trough FEV1 (mL) compared with LABA/LAMA combination (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Mortality (all‐cause) · stable COPD
Triple therapy may leads to lower mortality (all‐cause) compared with LABA/LAMA combination (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Six‐minute walk distance · pulmonary arterial hypertension
1 finding from 1 review
All‐cause mortality · pulmonary arterial hypertension
Group 1 Pulmonary arterial hypertension ‐ PDE5i showed no clear difference in mortality compared with placebo, on combination therapy (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Physical functioning component of health‐related quality of life, measured using various scales · pulmonary arterial hypertension
1 finding from 1 review