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Search review questions

Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

Limit to evidence status or GRADE (optional)

2,589 questions in 168 reviews · Schizophrenia

current versions
No studies 601 · 23.2%Ungraded 446 · 17.2%Very low 721 · 27.8%Low 505 · 19.5%Moderate 274 · 10.6%High 42 · 1.6%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

QuestionEffectEvidenceStatus / GRADE
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC & BENZODIAZEPINE ‐ HALOPERIDOL + MIDAZOLAM
Tranquil or asleep: Average sedation score ‐ by 1 hour Ramsay Sedation Scale · people with psychosis‐induced aggression
Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 60 participantsLow
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC & BENZODIAZEPINE ‐ HALOPERIDOL + MIDAZOLAM
Global state: Needing restraints or seclusion ‐ by 12 hours · people with psychosis‐induced aggression
Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane
RR 0.24 [0.1, 0.55]1 study · 60 participantsUngraded
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC & BENZODIAZEPINE ‐ HALOPERIDOL + MIDAZOLAM
Adverse effects: Specific and serious adverse effect ‐ by 24 hours Central nervous system ‐ excessive sedation · people with psychosis‐induced aggression
Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane
RR 0.12 [0.03, 0.49]2 studies · 117 participantsLow
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC & BENZODIAZEPINE ‐ HALOPERIDOL + MIDAZOLAM
Adverse effect: Specific ‐ Death · people with psychosis‐induced aggression
Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC & BENZODIAZEPINE ‐ HALOPERIDOL + MIDAZOLAM
Service outcomes: Not discharged ‐ by 2 weeks · people with psychosis‐induced aggression
Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC & BENZODIAZEPINE ‐ HALOPERIDOL + MIDAZOLAM
Specific behaviours: Average aggression score ‐ by 12 hours Overt Aggression Scale · people with psychosis‐induced aggression
Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 60 participantsUngraded
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC & BENZODIAZEPINE ‐ HALOPERIDOL + MIDAZOLAM
Economics: Costs of care · people with psychosis‐induced aggression
Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs BENZODIAZEPINES ‐ LORAZEPAM
Tranquil or asleep: Not tranquil or asleep ‐ by 30 mins · people with psychosis‐induced aggression
Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane
RR 0.26 [0.1, 0.68]1 study · 200 participantsHigh
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC ‐ HALOPERIDOL
Adverse effects: Specific and serious adverse effects by 24 hours (not death) Central nervous system ‐ seizure · people with psychosis‐induced aggression
Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane
RR 0.95 [0.06, 15.01]1 study · 298 participantsLow
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs BENZODIAZEPINES ‐ LORAZEPAM
Global state: Needing restraints or seclusion ‐ by 12 hours · people with psychosis‐induced aggression
Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane
RR 0.82 [0.35, 1.89]1 study · 200 participantsModerate
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs BENZODIAZEPINES ‐ LORAZEPAM
Adverse effects: Specific and serious adverse effect ‐ by 24 hours Central nervous system ‐ excessive sedation · people with psychosis‐induced aggression
Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs BENZODIAZEPINES ‐ LORAZEPAM
Adverse effect: Specific ‐ Death · people with psychosis‐induced aggression
Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs BENZODIAZEPINES ‐ LORAZEPAM
Service outcomes: Not discharged ‐ by 4 hours · people with psychosis‐induced aggression
Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane
RR 1.13 [0.85, 1.5]1 study · 200 participantsHigh
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs BENZODIAZEPINES ‐ LORAZEPAM
Specific behaviours: Average aggression score · people with psychosis‐induced aggression
Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs BENZODIAZEPINES ‐ LORAZEPAM
Economics: Costs of care · people with psychosis‐induced aggression
Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs BENZODIAZEPINES ‐ MIDAZOLAM
Tranquil or asleep: Not tranquil or asleep · people with psychosis‐induced aggression
Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane
RR 2.9 [1.75, 4.8]1 study · 301 participantsHigh
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs BENZODIAZEPINES ‐ MIDAZOLAM
Global state: Needing restraints or seclusion‐ by 2 hours · people with psychosis‐induced aggression
Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane
RR 1.22 [0.82, 1.82]1 study · 301 participantsModerate
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs BENZODIAZEPINES ‐ MIDAZOLAM
Adverse effect: Specific ‐ Death · people with psychosis‐induced aggression
Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs BENZODIAZEPINES ‐ MIDAZOLAM
Service outcomes: Not discharged ‐ · people with psychosis‐induced aggression
Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane
RR 1.05 [0.84, 1.29]1 study · 301 participantsHigh
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC ‐ HALOPERIDOL
Adverse effect: Specific and serious ‐ Death · people with psychosis‐induced aggression
Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs BENZODIAZEPINES ‐ MIDAZOLAM
Specific behavioursAggression · people with psychosis‐induced aggression
Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted4 participantsUngraded
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs BENZODIAZEPINES ‐ MIDAZOLAM
Economics: Costs of care · people with psychosis‐induced aggression
Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC ‐ HALOPERIDOL
Service outcomes: Not discharged ‐ by 2 weeks · people with psychosis‐induced aggression
Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane
RR 0.83 [0.64, 1.07]1 study · 310 participantsHigh
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC ‐ HALOPERIDOL
Specific behaviours: Average aggression score ‐ by 12 hours Overt Aggression Scale · people with psychosis‐induced aggression
Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 60 participantsLow
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC ‐ HALOPERIDOL
Economics: Costs of care · people with psychosis‐induced aggression
Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC ‐ OLANZAPINE
Tranquil or asleep: Not tranquil or asleep ‐ by 30 mins · people with psychosis‐induced aggression
Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane
RR 0.6 [0.22, 1.61]1 study · 300 participantsHigh
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC ‐ OLANZAPINE
Global state: Needing restraints or seclusion by 12 hours · people with psychosis‐induced aggression
Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane
RR 5 [0.62, 40.28]1 study · 60 participantsLow
RISPERIDONE vs PLACEBO
Mental state: no clinically significant response in psychotic symptoms (defined by various scale total score change) ‐ short term (up to 12 weeks) ‐ defined by PANSS/BPRS <20% decline · patients with schizophrenia
Risperidone versus placebo for schizophrenia (2016) · Cochrane
RR 0.64 [0.52, 0.78]6 studies · 864 participantsVery low
RISPERIDONE vs PLACEBO
Leaving the study early ‐ short term (up to 12 weeks) ‐ any reason · patients with schizophrenia
Risperidone versus placebo for schizophrenia (2016) · Cochrane
RR 0.69 [0.62, 0.78]12 studies · 2261 participantsLow
RISPERIDONE vs PLACEBO
Global state: 2. no significant clinical improvement ‐ CGI, short term (up to 12 weeks) · patients with schizophrenia
Risperidone versus placebo for schizophrenia (2016) · Cochrane
RR 0.69 [0.57, 0.83]4 studies · 594 participantsVery low
RISPERIDONE vs PLACEBO
Adverse effects: 1a. extrapyramidal ‐ various effects ‐ short term (up to 12 weeks) ‐ general ‐ any significant EPS · patients with schizophrenia
Risperidone versus placebo for schizophrenia (2016) · Cochrane
RR 1.56 [1.13, 2.15]7 studies · 1511 participantsLow
RISPERIDONE + CLOZAPINE vs PLACEBO + CLOZAPINE
Mental state: no clinically significant response in psychotic symptoms ‐ short term PANSS/BPRS < 20% decline · people with schizophrenia
Risperidone versus placebo for schizophrenia (2016) · Cochrane
RR 1.15 [0.93, 1.42]2 studies · 98 participantsLow
RISPERIDONE + CLOZAPINE vs PLACEBO + CLOZAPINE
Leaving the study early due to any reason ‐ short term · people with schizophrenia
Risperidone versus placebo for schizophrenia (2016) · Cochrane
1.13 [0.53, 2.42]3 studies · 167 participantsVery low
RISPERIDONE + CLOZAPINE vs PLACEBO + CLOZAPINE
Global state: no significant clinical improvement ‐ CGI short term · people with schizophrenia
Risperidone versus placebo for schizophrenia (2016) · Cochrane
RR 1.12 [0.87, 1.44]1 study · 68 participantsLow
RISPERIDONE + CLOZAPINE vs PLACEBO + CLOZAPINE
Adverse effects: extrapyramidal ‐ short term · people with schizophrenia
Risperidone versus placebo for schizophrenia (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Any antiglucocorticoid vs placebo
Mental state: 1. General ‐ average endpoint score BPRS total scores · people with psychosis
Antiglucocorticoid and related treatments for psychosis (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 5 participantsVery low
Any antiglucocorticoid vs placebo
Global state: general ‐ no clinically significant improvement · people with psychosis
Antiglucocorticoid and related treatments for psychosis (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
Any antiglucocorticoid vs placebo
General functioning: improved to an important degree · people with psychosis
Antiglucocorticoid and related treatments for psychosis (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
Any antiglucocorticoid vs placebo
Adverse effects: specific: extrapyramidal symptoms ‐ average endpoint scores parkinsonism SAS total · people with psychosis
Antiglucocorticoid and related treatments for psychosis (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 40 participantsLow
Any antiglucocorticoid vs placebo
Quality of life: improved to an important degree · people with psychosis
Antiglucocorticoid and related treatments for psychosis (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
Any antiglucocorticoid vs placebo
Mental state: 1. General ‐ average endpoint score ‐ short term ‐ only mifepristone BPRS total · people with psychosis
Antiglucocorticoid and related treatments for psychosis (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 20 participantsLow
Any antiglucocorticoid vs placebo
Mental state: 2. Specific ‐ negative symptoms ‐ average endpoint scores ‐ immediate PANSS negative subscale · people with psychosis
Antiglucocorticoid and related treatments for psychosis (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted2 studies · 70 participantsLow
Any antiglucocorticoid vs placebo
Global state: general ‐no clinically significant improvement ‐ data only for mifepristone < 30% improvement on BPRS · people with psychosis
Antiglucocorticoid and related treatments for psychosis (2016) · Cochrane
RR 0.58 [0.32, 1.06]1 study · 30 participantsVery low
Any antiglucocorticoid vs placebo
General functioning: average endpoint scores ‐ data only for DHEA GAF/SOFA · people with psychosis
Antiglucocorticoid and related treatments for psychosis (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 30 participantsLow
Any antiglucocorticoid vs placebo
Adverse effects: 1. General ‐ overall number of events · people with psychosis
Antiglucocorticoid and related treatments for psychosis (2016) · Cochrane
RR 2.66 [1.33, 5.32]7 studies · 199 participantsModerate
Any antiglucocorticoid vs placebo
Adverse events: 2. Specific ‐ extrapyramidal symptoms ‐ average endpoint scores ‐ data only for DHEA SHRS total · people with psychosis
Antiglucocorticoid and related treatments for psychosis (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 30 participantsLow
Any antiglucocorticoid vs placebo
Mental state: 2. Specific ‐ depression ‐ average endpoint score HAMD total · people with psychosis
Antiglucocorticoid and related treatments for psychosis (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 5 participantsVery low
Any antiglucocorticoid vs placebo
Quality of life: improved to an important degree · people with psychosis
Antiglucocorticoid and related treatments for psychosis (2016) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted0 studies · 0 participantsUngraded
Any antiglucocorticoid vs placebo
Global state: 1. General ‐ no clinically significant improvement ‐ short term < 30% improvement on BPRS · people with psychosis
Antiglucocorticoid and related treatments for psychosis (2016) · Cochrane
RR 0.58 [0.38, 0.89]1 study · 221 participantsLow
Any antiglucocorticoid vs placebo
Global state: 2. Specific: positive ‐ no clinically significant improvement ‐ short term (< 50% improvement on BPRS PSS) · people with psychosis
Antiglucocorticoid and related treatments for psychosis (2016) · Cochrane
RR 0.6 [0.43, 0.84]1 study · 221 participantsLow