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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,589 questions in 168 reviews · Schizophrenia
current versionsNo studies 601 · 23.2%Ungraded 446 · 17.2%Very low 721 · 27.8%Low 505 · 19.5%Moderate 274 · 10.6%High 42 · 1.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC & BENZODIAZEPINE ‐ HALOPERIDOL + MIDAZOLAM Tranquil or asleep: Average sedation score ‐ by 1 hour Ramsay Sedation Scale · people with psychosis‐induced aggression Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC & BENZODIAZEPINE ‐ HALOPERIDOL + MIDAZOLAM Global state: Needing restraints or seclusion ‐ by 12 hours · people with psychosis‐induced aggression Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.24 [0.1, 0.55] | 1 study · 60 participants | Ungraded |
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC & BENZODIAZEPINE ‐ HALOPERIDOL + MIDAZOLAM Adverse effects: Specific and serious adverse effect ‐ by 24 hours Central nervous system ‐ excessive sedation · people with psychosis‐induced aggression Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.12 [0.03, 0.49] | 2 studies · 117 participants | Low |
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC & BENZODIAZEPINE ‐ HALOPERIDOL + MIDAZOLAM Adverse effect: Specific ‐ Death · people with psychosis‐induced aggression Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC & BENZODIAZEPINE ‐ HALOPERIDOL + MIDAZOLAM Service outcomes: Not discharged ‐ by 2 weeks · people with psychosis‐induced aggression Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC & BENZODIAZEPINE ‐ HALOPERIDOL + MIDAZOLAM Specific behaviours: Average aggression score ‐ by 12 hours Overt Aggression Scale · people with psychosis‐induced aggression Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Ungraded |
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC & BENZODIAZEPINE ‐ HALOPERIDOL + MIDAZOLAM Economics: Costs of care · people with psychosis‐induced aggression Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs BENZODIAZEPINES ‐ LORAZEPAM Tranquil or asleep: Not tranquil or asleep ‐ by 30 mins · people with psychosis‐induced aggression Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.26 [0.1, 0.68] | 1 study · 200 participants | High |
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC ‐ HALOPERIDOL Adverse effects: Specific and serious adverse effects by 24 hours (not death) Central nervous system ‐ seizure · people with psychosis‐induced aggression Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.06, 15.01] | 1 study · 298 participants | Low |
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs BENZODIAZEPINES ‐ LORAZEPAM Global state: Needing restraints or seclusion ‐ by 12 hours · people with psychosis‐induced aggression Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.35, 1.89] | 1 study · 200 participants | Moderate |
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs BENZODIAZEPINES ‐ LORAZEPAM Adverse effects: Specific and serious adverse effect ‐ by 24 hours Central nervous system ‐ excessive sedation · people with psychosis‐induced aggression Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs BENZODIAZEPINES ‐ LORAZEPAM Adverse effect: Specific ‐ Death · people with psychosis‐induced aggression Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs BENZODIAZEPINES ‐ LORAZEPAM Service outcomes: Not discharged ‐ by 4 hours · people with psychosis‐induced aggression Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [0.85, 1.5] | 1 study · 200 participants | High |
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs BENZODIAZEPINES ‐ LORAZEPAM Specific behaviours: Average aggression score · people with psychosis‐induced aggression Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs BENZODIAZEPINES ‐ LORAZEPAM Economics: Costs of care · people with psychosis‐induced aggression Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs BENZODIAZEPINES ‐ MIDAZOLAM Tranquil or asleep: Not tranquil or asleep · people with psychosis‐induced aggression Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane | RR 2.9 [1.75, 4.8] | 1 study · 301 participants | High |
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs BENZODIAZEPINES ‐ MIDAZOLAM Global state: Needing restraints or seclusion‐ by 2 hours · people with psychosis‐induced aggression Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.22 [0.82, 1.82] | 1 study · 301 participants | Moderate |
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs BENZODIAZEPINES ‐ MIDAZOLAM Adverse effect: Specific ‐ Death · people with psychosis‐induced aggression Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs BENZODIAZEPINES ‐ MIDAZOLAM Service outcomes: Not discharged ‐ · people with psychosis‐induced aggression Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.84, 1.29] | 1 study · 301 participants | High |
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC ‐ HALOPERIDOL Adverse effect: Specific and serious ‐ Death · people with psychosis‐induced aggression Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs BENZODIAZEPINES ‐ MIDAZOLAM Specific behavioursAggression · people with psychosis‐induced aggression Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 participants | Ungraded |
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs BENZODIAZEPINES ‐ MIDAZOLAM Economics: Costs of care · people with psychosis‐induced aggression Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC ‐ HALOPERIDOL Service outcomes: Not discharged ‐ by 2 weeks · people with psychosis‐induced aggression Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.64, 1.07] | 1 study · 310 participants | High |
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC ‐ HALOPERIDOL Specific behaviours: Average aggression score ‐ by 12 hours Overt Aggression Scale · people with psychosis‐induced aggression Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC ‐ HALOPERIDOL Economics: Costs of care · people with psychosis‐induced aggression Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC ‐ OLANZAPINE Tranquil or asleep: Not tranquil or asleep ‐ by 30 mins · people with psychosis‐induced aggression Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.22, 1.61] | 1 study · 300 participants | High |
HALOPERIDOL + PROMETHAZINE vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC ‐ OLANZAPINE Global state: Needing restraints or seclusion by 12 hours · people with psychosis‐induced aggression Haloperidol plus promethazine for psychosis‐induced aggression (2016) · Cochrane | RR 5 [0.62, 40.28] | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |
RISPERIDONE vs PLACEBO Mental state: no clinically significant response in psychotic symptoms (defined by various scale total score change) ‐ short term (up to 12 weeks) ‐ defined by PANSS/BPRS <20% decline · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone versus placebo for schizophrenia (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.52, 0.78] | 6 studies · 864 participants | Very low |
RISPERIDONE vs PLACEBO Leaving the study early ‐ short term (up to 12 weeks) ‐ any reason · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone versus placebo for schizophrenia (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.69 [0.62, 0.78] | 12 studies · 2261 participants | Low |
RISPERIDONE vs PLACEBO Global state: 2. no significant clinical improvement ‐ CGI, short term (up to 12 weeks) · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone versus placebo for schizophrenia (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.69 [0.57, 0.83] | 4 studies · 594 participants | Very low |
RISPERIDONE vs PLACEBO Adverse effects: 1a. extrapyramidal ‐ various effects ‐ short term (up to 12 weeks) ‐ general ‐ any significant EPS · patients with schizophrenia Risperidone versus placebo for schizophrenia (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.56 [1.13, 2.15] | 7 studies · 1511 participants | Low |
RISPERIDONE + CLOZAPINE vs PLACEBO + CLOZAPINE Mental state: no clinically significant response in psychotic symptoms ‐ short term PANSS/BPRS < 20% decline · people with schizophrenia Risperidone versus placebo for schizophrenia (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.15 [0.93, 1.42] | 2 studies · 98 participants | Low |
RISPERIDONE + CLOZAPINE vs PLACEBO + CLOZAPINE Leaving the study early due to any reason ‐ short term · people with schizophrenia Risperidone versus placebo for schizophrenia (2016) · Cochrane | 1.13 [0.53, 2.42] | 3 studies · 167 participants | Very low |
RISPERIDONE + CLOZAPINE vs PLACEBO + CLOZAPINE Global state: no significant clinical improvement ‐ CGI short term · people with schizophrenia Risperidone versus placebo for schizophrenia (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.87, 1.44] | 1 study · 68 participants | Low |
RISPERIDONE + CLOZAPINE vs PLACEBO + CLOZAPINE Adverse effects: extrapyramidal ‐ short term · people with schizophrenia Risperidone versus placebo for schizophrenia (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Any antiglucocorticoid vs placebo Mental state: 1. General ‐ average endpoint score BPRS total scores · people with psychosis Antiglucocorticoid and related treatments for psychosis (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 5 participants | Very low |
Any antiglucocorticoid vs placebo Global state: general ‐ no clinically significant improvement · people with psychosis Antiglucocorticoid and related treatments for psychosis (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Any antiglucocorticoid vs placebo General functioning: improved to an important degree · people with psychosis Antiglucocorticoid and related treatments for psychosis (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Any antiglucocorticoid vs placebo Adverse effects: specific: extrapyramidal symptoms ‐ average endpoint scores parkinsonism SAS total · people with psychosis Antiglucocorticoid and related treatments for psychosis (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Low |
Any antiglucocorticoid vs placebo Quality of life: improved to an important degree · people with psychosis Antiglucocorticoid and related treatments for psychosis (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Any antiglucocorticoid vs placebo Mental state: 1. General ‐ average endpoint score ‐ short term ‐ only mifepristone BPRS total · people with psychosis Antiglucocorticoid and related treatments for psychosis (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Low |
Any antiglucocorticoid vs placebo Mental state: 2. Specific ‐ negative symptoms ‐ average endpoint scores ‐ immediate PANSS negative subscale · people with psychosis Antiglucocorticoid and related treatments for psychosis (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 70 participants | Low |
Any antiglucocorticoid vs placebo Global state: general ‐no clinically significant improvement ‐ data only for mifepristone < 30% improvement on BPRS · people with psychosis Antiglucocorticoid and related treatments for psychosis (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.58 [0.32, 1.06] | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Any antiglucocorticoid vs placebo General functioning: average endpoint scores ‐ data only for DHEA GAF/SOFA · people with psychosis Antiglucocorticoid and related treatments for psychosis (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 30 participants | Low |
Any antiglucocorticoid vs placebo Adverse effects: 1. General ‐ overall number of events · people with psychosis Antiglucocorticoid and related treatments for psychosis (2016) · Cochrane | RR 2.66 [1.33, 5.32] | 7 studies · 199 participants | Moderate |
Any antiglucocorticoid vs placebo Adverse events: 2. Specific ‐ extrapyramidal symptoms ‐ average endpoint scores ‐ data only for DHEA SHRS total · people with psychosis Antiglucocorticoid and related treatments for psychosis (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 30 participants | Low |
Any antiglucocorticoid vs placebo Mental state: 2. Specific ‐ depression ‐ average endpoint score HAMD total · people with psychosis Antiglucocorticoid and related treatments for psychosis (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 5 participants | Very low |
Any antiglucocorticoid vs placebo Quality of life: improved to an important degree · people with psychosis Antiglucocorticoid and related treatments for psychosis (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Any antiglucocorticoid vs placebo Global state: 1. General ‐ no clinically significant improvement ‐ short term < 30% improvement on BPRS · people with psychosis Antiglucocorticoid and related treatments for psychosis (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.58 [0.38, 0.89] | 1 study · 221 participants | Low |
Any antiglucocorticoid vs placebo Global state: 2. Specific: positive ‐ no clinically significant improvement ‐ short term (< 50% improvement on BPRS PSS) · people with psychosis Antiglucocorticoid and related treatments for psychosis (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.43, 0.84] | 1 study · 221 participants | Low |