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Search review questions

Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

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Intervention or exposure

Comparison

Outcome

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Review versions

2,434 questions in 139 reviews · Kidney and Transplant

current versions

No studies 504 · 20.7%Ungraded 40 · 1.6%Very low 611 · 25.1%Low 790 · 32.5%Moderate 414 · 17%High 75 · 3.1%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
Antibiotic prophylaxis vs surveillance or no treatment Febrile UTI by 1 to 2 years: antibiotics versus no prophylaxis · primary VUR Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.83 [0.56, 1.21]	9 studies · 1667 participants	Low
Endoscopic injection treatment vs antibiotics alone Microbial resistance to the prophylactic drug · primary VUR Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.63 [0.34, 1.15]	1 study · 24 participants	Very low
Macroplastique vs dextranomer/hyaluronic acid polymer (Deflux) to correct vesicoureteric reflux Number of children with febrile UTI · primary VUR Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.09 [0.45, 2.66]	1 study · 255 participants	Low
Macroplastique vs dextranomer/hyaluronic acid polymer (Deflux) to correct vesicoureteric reflux Number of children with afebrile UTI · primary VUR Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.68 [0.52, 5.44]	1 study · 72 participants	Low
Macroplastique vs dextranomer/hyaluronic acid polymer (Deflux) to correct vesicoureteric reflux Number of ureters with persistent VUR > grade 1 at 1 year · primary VUR Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.54 [0.35, 0.83]	2 studies · 472 participants	Moderate
Macroplastique vs dextranomer/hyaluronic acid polymer (Deflux) to correct vesicoureteric reflux Number of kidneys with temporary renal dilatation after injection · primary VUR Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.85 [1.02, 3.35]	1 study · 114 participants	Low
Macroplastique vs dextranomer/hyaluronic acid polymer (Deflux) to correct vesicoureteric reflux Ureteral obstruction · primary VUR Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.46 [0.25, 8.66]	1 study · 399 participants	Low
Macroplastique vs dextranomer/hyaluronic acid polymer (Deflux) to correct vesicoureteric reflux Post operative flank pain · primary VUR Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.45 [0.33, 6.36]	1 study · 255 participants	Low
Macroplastique vs dextranomer/hyaluronic acid polymer (Deflux) to correct vesicoureteric reflux New renal parenchymal defects on DMSA scan (kidney injury) · primary VUR Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Probiotics vs antibiotic prophylaxis All symptomatic UTI by 1 year · primary VUR Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.82 [0.56, 1.21]	2 studies · 248 participants	Low
Probiotics vs antibiotic prophylaxis Febrile UTI by 1 year · primary VUR Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.82 [0.37, 1.83]	1 study · 120 participants	Low
Antibiotic prophylaxis vs surveillance or no treatment Symptomatic UTI; antibiotics versus placebo in trials with low risk of bias across all domains · primary VUR Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.85 [0.4, 1.79]	3 studies · 943 participants	Moderate
Probiotics vs antibiotic prophylaxis E. coli resistance to prophylactic drug · primary VUR Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.38 [0.21, 0.69]	2 studies · 38 participants	Low
Probiotics vs antibiotic prophylaxis Renal parenchymal defects on DMSA scan ‐ Patient data at 1 year · primary VUR Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.69 [0.43, 1.11]	2 studies · 152 participants	Low
Probiotics vs antibiotic prophylaxis Resolution of VUR · primary VUR Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Probiotics vs antibiotic prophylaxis Adverse events · primary VUR Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Antibiotic prophylaxis vs surveillance or no treatment Resolution of VUR after 1 to 2 years: unit of analysis (children) · primary VUR Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.46 [0.71, 2.99]	3 studies · 262 participants	Low
Antibiotic prophylaxis vs surveillance or no treatment Adverse events · primary VUR Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.94 [0.81, 1.08]	4 studies · 1056 participants	Moderate
Antibiotic prophylaxis vs surveillance or no treatment Microbial resistance to prophylactic drug: unit of analysis (UTI) · primary VUR Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux (2019) · Cochrane	RR 2.72 [1.85, 4]	6 studies · 259 participants	Moderate
Surgical reimplantation of ureters plus antibiotics vs antibiotics alone All symptomatic UTI by 4 to 5 years: surgical correction + antibiotics versus antibiotics alone · primary VUR Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.95 [0.67, 1.35]	1 study · 297 participants	Moderate
Surgical reimplantation of ureters plus antibiotics vs antibiotics alone Febrile UTI by 5 years: surgical correction + antibiotics versus antibiotics alone · primary VUR Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.43 [0.27, 0.7]	2 studies · 429 participants	Moderate
Surgical reimplantation of ureters plus antibiotics vs antibiotics alone Repeat positive urine cultures by 4 to 5 years: surgical correction + antibiotics versus antibiotics alone · primary VUR Interventions for primary vesicoureteric reflux (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.99 [0.79, 1.26]	3 studies · 479 participants	Moderate
Antibiotic treatment vs placebo or no treatment Recurrence of symptomatic UTI in children · children with previous UTI and most do not have a renal tract abnormality such as VUR Long‐term antibiotics for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in children (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.75 [0.28, 1.98]	5 studies · 1074 participants	Low
Antibiotic 1 vs antibiotic 2 Recurrence of symptomatic UTI: cotrimoxazole (1) versus cefprozil (2) · children with primarily normal renal tracts who have experienced at least one UTI Long‐term antibiotics for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in children (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.69 [0.2, 2.39]	1 study · 55 participants	Moderate
Antibiotic 1 vs antibiotic 2 Microbial resistance to prophylactic drugs: nitrofurantoin (1) versus cotrimoxazole (2) · children with primarily normal renal tracts who have experienced at least one UTI Long‐term antibiotics for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in children (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.54 [0.31, 0.92]	2 studies · 96 participants	Moderate
Antibiotic 1 vs antibiotic 2 Adverse events: cotrimoxazole (1) versus cefprozil (2) · children with primarily normal renal tracts who have experienced at least one UTI Long‐term antibiotics for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in children (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.62 [0.36, 7.29]	1 study · 55 participants	Low
Antibiotic 1 vs antibiotic 2 Adverse events: nitrofurantoin (1) versus trimethoprim (2) · children with primarily normal renal tracts who have experienced at least one UTI Long‐term antibiotics for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in children (2019) · Cochrane	RR 2.18 [1.39, 3.41]	1 study · 120 participants	Low
Antibiotic treatment vs placebo or no treatment Recurrence of symptomatic UTI in children without VUR · children with previous UTI and most do not have a renal tract abnormality such as VUR Long‐term antibiotics for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in children (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.6 [0.13, 2.74]	4 studies · 541 participants	Low
Antibiotic treatment vs placebo or no treatment Recurrence of symptomatic UTI in children with VUR · children with previous UTI and most do not have a renal tract abnormality such as VUR Long‐term antibiotics for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in children (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.65 [0.39, 1.07]	2 studies · 371 participants	Low
Antibiotic treatment vs placebo or no treatment Recurrence of symptomatic UTI in children, in studies with adequate allocation concealment · children with previous UTI and most do not have a renal tract abnormality such as VUR Long‐term antibiotics for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in children (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.68 [0.48, 0.95]	2 studies · 914 participants	Moderate
Antibiotic treatment vs placebo or no treatment Repeat positive urine culture · children with previous UTI and most do not have a renal tract abnormality such as VUR Long‐term antibiotics for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in children (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.31 [0.08, 1.18]	4 studies · 467 participants	Very low
Antibiotic treatment vs placebo or no treatment All adverse events · children with previous UTI and most do not have a renal tract abnormality such as VUR Long‐term antibiotics for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in children (2019) · Cochrane	RR 2.31 [0.03, 170.67]	2 studies · 914 participants	Low
Antibiotic treatment vs placebo or no treatment Microbial resistance to prophylactic drug · children with previous UTI and most do not have a renal tract abnormality such as VUR Long‐term antibiotics for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in children (2019) · Cochrane	RR 2.4 [0.62, 9.26]	2 studies · 118 participants	Moderate
Antibiotic 1 vs antibiotic 2 Recurrence of symptomatic UTI: nitrofurantoin (1) versus cotrimoxazole (2) · children with primarily normal renal tracts who have experienced at least one UTI Long‐term antibiotics for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in children (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.57 [0.35, 0.92]	2 studies · 157 participants	Moderate
Antibiotic 1 vs antibiotic 2 Recurrence of symptomatic UTI: cotrimoxazole (1) versus cefadroxil (2) · children with primarily normal renal tracts who have experienced at least one UTI Long‐term antibiotics for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in children (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.79 [0.33, 9.7]	1 study · 46 participants	Low
Cyclosporin vs placebo or no treatment Complete remission: all renal pathologies · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane	RR 3.5 [1.09, 11.2]	4 studies · 74 participants	Low
Calcineurin inhibitor vs IV cyclophosphamide Treatment response at 3 to 6 months: partial remission · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.68 [0.43, 6.56]	2 studies · 156 participants	Very low
Calcineurin inhibitor vs IV cyclophosphamide Adverse events: treatment failure at 6 months (non response, serious infection, persistently elevated creatinine) · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.32 [0.18, 0.58]	1 study · 124 participants	Moderate
Calcineurin inhibitor vs IV cyclophosphamide Adverse events: medications ceased due to adverse events · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.2 [0.04, 0.86]	1 study · 131 participants	Moderate
Calcineurin inhibitor vs IV cyclophosphamide Adverse events: serious infections · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.49 [0.16, 1.56]	1 study · 131 participants	Moderate
Calcineurin inhibitor vs IV cyclophosphamide Adverse events: death · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.33 [0.01, 7.92]	1 study · 131 participants	Low
Tacrolimus vs cyclosporin Treatment response at 6 months: complete remission · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.14 [0.64, 2.03]	1 study · 41 participants	Low
Tacrolimus vs cyclosporin Treatment response at 6 months: complete and partial remission · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.57 [0.16, 2.08]	1 study · 41 participants	Low
Tacrolimus vs cyclosporin Treatment response at 12 months: complete remission · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.8 [0.45, 1.42]	2 studies · 58 participants	Low
Tacrolimus vs cyclosporin Treatment response at 12 months: complete and partial remission · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.05 [0.87, 1.25]	2 studies · 58 participants	Low
Tacrolimus vs cyclosporin Adverse events: persistent nephrotoxicity · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane	RR 0.48 [0.05, 4.85]	1 study · 41 participants	Low
Cyclosporin vs placebo or no treatment Complete remission: FSGS · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane	RR 3.14 [0.97, 10.18]	3 studies · 58 participants	Low
Tacrolimus vs cyclosporin Adverse events: worsening of hypertension · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 58 participants	Low
Cyclosporin vs mycophenolate mofetil with pulse dexamethasone Treatment response at 52 weeks: complete remission (primary outcome 1, 2) · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane	RR 2.14 [0.87, 5.24]	1 study · 138 participants	Moderate
Cyclosporin vs mycophenolate mofetil with pulse dexamethasone Treatment response at 52 weeks: partial remission (primary outcome 3) · idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children Interventions for idiopathic steroid‐resistant nephrotic syndrome in children (2019) · Cochrane	RR 1.09 [0.61, 1.93]	1 study · 138 participants	Moderate