Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

966 questions · 1,015 findings · 90 reviews · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 256 · 25.2%GRADE not reported 62 · 6.1%Very low 271 · 26.7%Low 269 · 26.5%Moderate 111 · 10.9%High 46 · 4.5%

Summary of findings table ‐ Energy, protein and micronutrients vs standard diet

Incidence of pressure ulcers · inpatients who are mildly or seriously malnourished or at risk of being malnourished, elderly patients at risk of developing pressure ulcers

Summary of findings table ‐ Energy, protein and micronutrients showed no clear difference in incidence of pressure ulcers compared with standard diet (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Protein vs standard diet

Gastrointestinal adverse events · patients (> 65 years) following hip fracture; patients with a recent stroke

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Protein changes side effects: at least one adverse gastrointestinal event compared with standard diet (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Energy, protein and micronutrients vs standard diet

The proportion of pressure ulcers healed · long‐term care patients; inpatients without dehydration with energy intake by tube feeding; patients with pressure ulcers

Summary of findings table ‐ Energy, protein and micronutrients may leads to higher pressure ulcers healed compared with standard diet (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review