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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Bakri balloon tamponade+traction stitch vs Bakri balloon (one intrauterine tamponade compared to another intrauterine tamponade technique) Serious maternal morbidity (renal or respiratory failure, cardiac arrest or multiple organ failure) · women with primary atonic postpartum haemorrhage Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Bakri balloon tamponade+traction stitch vs Bakri balloon (one intrauterine tamponade compared to another intrauterine tamponade technique) Number of women with total blood loss 1000 mL or more after randomisation · women with primary atonic postpartum haemorrhage Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Bakri balloon tamponade+traction stitch vs Bakri balloon (one intrauterine tamponade compared to another intrauterine tamponade technique) Mean blood loss (mL) (trialist defined) · women with primary atonic postpartum haemorrhage Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Bakri balloon tamponade+traction stitch vs Bakri balloon (one intrauterine tamponade compared to another intrauterine tamponade technique) Blood transfusion (red cell or whole blood) · women with primary atonic postpartum haemorrhage Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Bakri balloon tamponade+traction stitch vs Bakri balloon (one intrauterine tamponade compared to another intrauterine tamponade technique) Side effects of the intervention (e.g. trauma, necrosis) · women with primary atonic postpartum haemorrhage Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
External uterine compression (all methods) plus normal care vs normal care Mean blood loss (mL) (trialist defined) · women diagnosed with primary PPH following vaginal birth. PPH was defined as quote: "blood loss > 500mL after… Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Bakri balloon tamponade+traction stitch vs Bakri balloon (one intrauterine tamponade compared to another intrauterine tamponade technique) Total blood loss >= 1000 mL (before and after randomisation, outcome not pre‐specified in our protocol) · women with primary atonic postpartum haemorrhage Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.93, 1.08] | 1 study · 50 participants | Low |
Intrauterine balloon tamponade (condom‐loaded catheter) vs uterovaginal packing (intrauterine tamponade versus another intrauterine tamponade method) Mortality due to bleeding · Women (aged between 20 and 40) diagnosed with primary PPH following 'normal' vaginal birth and unresponsive to medical… Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intrauterine balloon tamponade (condom‐loaded catheter) vs uterovaginal packing (intrauterine tamponade versus another intrauterine tamponade method) Hysterectomy to control bleeding · Women (aged between 20 and 40) diagnosed with primary PPH following 'normal' vaginal birth and unresponsive to medical… Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intrauterine balloon tamponade (condom‐loaded catheter) vs uterovaginal packing (intrauterine tamponade versus another intrauterine tamponade method) Serious maternal morbidity (renal or respiratory failure, cardiac arrest or multiple organ failure) · Women (aged between 20 and 40) diagnosed with primary PPH following 'normal' vaginal birth and unresponsive to medical… Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intrauterine balloon tamponade (condom‐loaded catheter) vs uterovaginal packing (intrauterine tamponade versus another intrauterine tamponade method) Number of women with total blood loss 1000 mL or more after randomisation · Women (aged between 20 and 40) diagnosed with primary PPH following 'normal' vaginal birth and unresponsive to medical… Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intrauterine balloon tamponade (condom‐loaded catheter) vs uterovaginal packing (intrauterine tamponade versus another intrauterine tamponade method) Mean blood loss (mL) (trialist defined) · Women (aged between 20 and 40) diagnosed with primary PPH following 'normal' vaginal birth and unresponsive to medical… Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intrauterine balloon tamponade (condom‐loaded catheter) vs uterovaginal packing (intrauterine tamponade versus another intrauterine tamponade method) Blood transfusion (red cell or whole blood) · Women (aged between 20 and 40) diagnosed with primary PPH following 'normal' vaginal birth and unresponsive to medical… Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intrauterine balloon tamponade (condom‐loaded catheter) vs uterovaginal packing (intrauterine tamponade versus another intrauterine tamponade method) Side effects of the intervention (e.g. trauma, necrosis) ‐ fever · Women (aged between 20 and 40) diagnosed with primary PPH following 'normal' vaginal birth and unresponsive to medical… Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.47 [0.38, 0.59] | 1 study · 212 participants | Very low |
Modified B‐Lynch compression suture technique vs standard B‐Lynch compression suture (one uterine compression suture technique versus another uterine compression suture technique) Mortality due to bleeding · women with uncontrolled atonic PPH following caesarean section, and not responding to standard care (uterine massage,… Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Modified B‐Lynch compression suture technique vs standard B‐Lynch compression suture (one uterine compression suture technique versus another uterine compression suture technique) Hysterectomy to control bleeding · women with uncontrolled atonic PPH following caesarean section, and not responding to standard care (uterine massage,… Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.11, 0.99] | 1 study · 160 participants | Low |
External uterine compression (all methods) plus normal care vs normal care Blood transfusion (red cell or whole blood) · women diagnosed with primary PPH following vaginal birth. PPH was defined as quote: "blood loss > 500mL after… Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | RR 2.33 [0.66, 8.23] | 1 study · 64 participants | Very low |
Modified B‐Lynch compression suture technique vs standard B‐Lynch compression suture (one uterine compression suture technique versus another uterine compression suture technique) Serious maternal morbidity (renal or respiratory failure, cardiac arrest or multiple organ failure) · women with uncontrolled atonic PPH following caesarean section, and not responding to standard care (uterine massage,… Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Modified B‐Lynch compression suture technique vs standard B‐Lynch compression suture (one uterine compression suture technique versus another uterine compression suture technique) Number of women with total blood loss 1000 mL or more after randomisation · women with uncontrolled atonic PPH following caesarean section, and not responding to standard care (uterine massage,… Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Modified B‐Lynch compression suture technique vs standard B‐Lynch compression suture (one uterine compression suture technique versus another uterine compression suture technique) Mean blood loss (mL) (trialist defined) · women with uncontrolled atonic PPH following caesarean section, and not responding to standard care (uterine massage,… Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Modified B‐Lynch compression suture technique vs standard B‐Lynch compression suture (one uterine compression suture technique versus another uterine compression suture technique) Blood transfusion (red cell or whole blood) · women with uncontrolled atonic PPH following caesarean section, and not responding to standard care (uterine massage,… Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Modified B‐Lynch compression suture technique vs standard B‐Lynch compression suture (one uterine compression suture technique versus another uterine compression suture technique) Side effects of the intervention (e.g. trauma, necrosis) · women with uncontrolled atonic PPH following caesarean section, and not responding to standard care (uterine massage,… Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
External uterine compression (all methods) plus normal care vs normal care Side effects of the intervention (e.g. trauma, necrosis) ‐ not reported · women diagnosed with primary PPH following vaginal birth. PPH was defined as quote: "blood loss > 500mL after… Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
One uterine devascularisation technique (uterine arterial embolisation) vs another uterine devascularisation technique (surgical devascularisation plus B‐Lynch) Mortality due to bleeding ‐ not reported · treating primary postpartum haemorrhage Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
One uterine devascularisation technique (uterine arterial embolisation) vs another uterine devascularisation technique (surgical devascularisation plus B‐Lynch) Hysterectomy to control bleeding · treating primary postpartum haemorrhage Mechanical and surgical interventions for treating primary postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.15, 3.57] | 1 study · 23 participants | Very low |
Additional support vs usual care during pregnancy Birthweight < 2500 g · women at increased risk of low birthweight babies (fetal/neonatal/infant outcomes) Support during pregnancy for women at increased risk of low birthweight babies (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.86, 1.04] | 16 studies · 11770 participants | Moderate |
Additional support vs usual care during pregnancy Satisfaction with pregnancy care Pregnancy care rated as "very helpful" · women at increased risk of low birthweight babies (maternal outcomes) Support during pregnancy for women at increased risk of low birthweight babies (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.17 [1.05, 1.3] | 1 study · 223 participants | Moderate |
Additional support vs usual care during pregnancy Gestational age < 37 weeks at birth · women at increased risk of low birthweight babies (fetal/neonatal/infant outcomes) Support during pregnancy for women at increased risk of low birthweight babies (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.84, 1.01] | 14 studies · 12282 participants | Moderate |
Additional support vs usual care during pregnancy Stillbirth/neonatal death · women at increased risk of low birthweight babies (fetal/neonatal/infant outcomes) Support during pregnancy for women at increased risk of low birthweight babies (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.88, 1.41] | 15 studies · 12091 participants | Low |
Additional support vs usual care during pregnancy Long‐term morbidity · women at increased risk of low birthweight babies (fetal/neonatal/infant outcomes) Support during pregnancy for women at increased risk of low birthweight babies (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Additional support vs usual care during pregnancy Caesarean section · women at increased risk of low birthweight babies (maternal outcomes) Support during pregnancy for women at increased risk of low birthweight babies (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.83, 0.97] | 15 studies · 9550 participants | Moderate |
Additional support vs usual care during pregnancy Antenatal hospital admissions Number of admissions per woman · women at increased risk of low birthweight babies (maternal outcomes) Support during pregnancy for women at increased risk of low birthweight babies (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.68, 0.91] | 4 studies · 787 participants | Moderate |
Additional support vs usual care during pregnancy Antenatal hospital admissions Mean hospitalisation episodes · women at increased risk of low birthweight babies (maternal outcomes) Support during pregnancy for women at increased risk of low birthweight babies (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1525 participants | Moderate |
Additional support vs usual care during pregnancy Postnatal depression Self‐reported · women at increased risk of low birthweight babies (maternal outcomes) Support during pregnancy for women at increased risk of low birthweight babies (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.69, 1.05] | 1 study · 458 participants | Low |
Additional support vs usual care during pregnancy Postnatal depression Positive EPDS score · women at increased risk of low birthweight babies (maternal outcomes) Support during pregnancy for women at increased risk of low birthweight babies (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.74 [0.55, 1.01] | 1 study · 1008 participants | Moderate |
Antibiotics vs no treatment Development of pyelonephritis · pregnant women with asymptomatic bacteriuria Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.24 [0.13, 0.41] | 12 studies · 2017 participants | Low |
Antibiotics vs no treatment Preterm birth < 37 weeks · pregnant women with asymptomatic bacteriuria Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.34 [0.13, 0.88] | 3 studies · 327 participants | Low |
Antibiotics vs no treatment Birthweight < 2500 g · pregnant women with asymptomatic bacteriuria Antibiotics for asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.45, 0.93] | 6 studies · 1437 participants | Low |
Oxytocin vs no uterotonics or placebo Blood loss 500 mL or more after delivery · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.51 [0.37, 0.72] | 6 studies · 4162 participants | Low |
Oxytocin vs ergot alkaloids Maternal all‐cause mortality · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oxytocin vs ergot alkaloids Blood loss 1000 mL or more after delivery · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [0.63, 2.01] | 3 studies · 1577 participants | Very low |
Oxytocin vs ergot alkaloids Blood transfusion · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.37 [0.34, 5.51] | 7 studies · 1578 participants | Very low |
Oxytocin vs ergot alkaloids Third stage > 30 minutes · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage (2019) · Cochrane | RR 4.69 [1.63, 13.45] | 2 studies · 450 participants | Moderate |
Oxytocin vs ergot alkaloids Diastolic blood pressure > 100 mm Hg between delivery of the baby and discharge from the labour ward · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.28 [0.04, 2.05] | 3 studies · 960 participants | Low |
Oxytocin + ergometrine vs ergot alkaloids Blood loss 500 mL or more after delivery · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.44 [0.2, 0.94] | 3 studies · 1168 participants | Low |
Oxytocin + ergometrine vs ergot alkaloids Need for additional uterotonics · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oxytocin + ergometrine vs ergot alkaloids Maternal all‐cause mortality · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 807 participants | Moderate |
Oxytocin + ergometrine vs ergot alkaloids Blood loss 1000 mL or more after delivery · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oxytocin + ergometrine vs ergot alkaloids Blood transfusion · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oxytocin vs no uterotonics or placebo Need for additional uterotonics · women in the third stage of labour Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour to prevent postpartum haemorrhage (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.54 [0.36, 0.8] | 4 studies · 3135 participants | Moderate |