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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

Population

Intervention or exposure

Comparison

Outcome

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Field or topic

Source

Review versions

1,852 questions in 128 reviews · Effective Practice and Organisation of Care

current versions

No studies 557 · 30.1%Ungraded 53 · 2.9%Very low 446 · 24.1%Low 476 · 25.7%Moderate 255 · 13.8%High 65 · 3.5%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
Intervention NR Patient outcomes · General practitioners/family doctors involved in the management of patients with shoulder pain Professional interventions for general practitioners on the management of musculoskeletal conditions (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Functional capacity/activity scores · General practitioners/family doctors involved in the management of patients with shoulder pain Professional interventions for general practitioners on the management of musculoskeletal conditions (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	Low
Intervention NR Pain control · General practitioners/family doctors involved in the management of patients with shoulder pain Professional interventions for general practitioners on the management of musculoskeletal conditions (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Work absence · General practitioners/family doctors involved in the management of patients with shoulder pain Professional interventions for general practitioners on the management of musculoskeletal conditions (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Quality of life · General practitioners/family doctors involved in the management of patients with shoulder pain Professional interventions for general practitioners on the management of musculoskeletal conditions (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Economic outcomes Health service costs (including prescribing costs) Cost effectiveness · General practitioners/family doctors involved in the management of patients with shoulder pain Professional interventions for general practitioners on the management of musculoskeletal conditions (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	Low
Intervention NR Health professional (GP) behaviour‐related outcomes · General practitioners/family doctors involved in the management of patients with other musculoskeletal conditions Professional interventions for general practitioners on the management of musculoskeletal conditions (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Primary care physician alerting system vs primary care physician alerting system and a patient‐directed intervention (education and reminder to see their primary care physician) Bone mineral density1 · General practitioners/family doctors involved in the management of patients with osteoporosis Professional interventions for general practitioners on the management of musculoskeletal conditions (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.94 [0.81, 1.09]	2 studies · 2995 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Guideline‐consistent advice during consultation · General practitioners/family doctors involved in the management of patients with other musculoskeletal conditions Professional interventions for general practitioners on the management of musculoskeletal conditions (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Guideline‐consistent prescribing of medication · General practitioners/family doctors involved in the management of patients with other musculoskeletal conditions Professional interventions for general practitioners on the management of musculoskeletal conditions (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	Low
Intervention NR Guideline‐consistent referrals for investigations (e.g.. x‐rays) · General practitioners/family doctors involved in the management of patients with other musculoskeletal conditions Professional interventions for general practitioners on the management of musculoskeletal conditions (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Guideline‐consistent referrals to other services · General practitioners/family doctors involved in the management of patients with other musculoskeletal conditions Professional interventions for general practitioners on the management of musculoskeletal conditions (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Number of investigations · General practitioners/family doctors involved in the management of patients with other musculoskeletal conditions Professional interventions for general practitioners on the management of musculoskeletal conditions (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	Low
Intervention NR Number of referrals to other services · General practitioners/family doctors involved in the management of patients with other musculoskeletal conditions Professional interventions for general practitioners on the management of musculoskeletal conditions (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Patient outcomes · General practitioners/family doctors involved in the management of patients with other musculoskeletal conditions Professional interventions for general practitioners on the management of musculoskeletal conditions (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Functional capacity/activity scores · General practitioners/family doctors involved in the management of patients with other musculoskeletal conditions Professional interventions for general practitioners on the management of musculoskeletal conditions (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Pain control · General practitioners/family doctors involved in the management of patients with other musculoskeletal conditions Professional interventions for general practitioners on the management of musculoskeletal conditions (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	Low
Intervention NR Work absence · General practitioners/family doctors involved in the management of patients with other musculoskeletal conditions Professional interventions for general practitioners on the management of musculoskeletal conditions (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Primary care physician alerting system vs primary care physician alerting system and a patient‐directed intervention (education and reminder to see their primary care physician) Medication2 · General practitioners/family doctors involved in the management of patients with osteoporosis Professional interventions for general practitioners on the management of musculoskeletal conditions (2016) · Cochrane	RR 0.93 [0.79, 1.1]	2 studies · 2995 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Quality of life · General practitioners/family doctors involved in the management of patients with other musculoskeletal conditions Professional interventions for general practitioners on the management of musculoskeletal conditions (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Economic outcomes Health service costs (including prescribing costs) Cost effectiveness · General practitioners/family doctors involved in the management of patients with other musculoskeletal conditions Professional interventions for general practitioners on the management of musculoskeletal conditions (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Health professional (GP) behaviour‐related outcomes Bone Mineral Density (BMD) testing Osteoporosis medication (appropriate prescribing) · General practitioners/family doctors involved in the management of patients with osteoporosis Professional interventions for general practitioners on the management of musculoskeletal conditions (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 3047 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Patient outcomes Fragility fractures Hospitalisation · General practitioners/family doctors involved in the management of patients with osteoporosis Professional interventions for general practitioners on the management of musculoskeletal conditions (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Economic outcomes Health service costs (including prescribing costs) Cost effectiveness · General practitioners/family doctors involved in the management of patients with osteoporosis Professional interventions for general practitioners on the management of musculoskeletal conditions (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 272 participants	Low
Intervention NR Corruption Attitudies · doctors Interventions to reduce corruption in the health sector (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	Low
Intervention NR Corruption Overbilling · a) hospitals, b) hospitalised Medicare patients, c) Medicaid and Medicare patients Interventions to reduce corruption in the health sector (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Corruption Enforcement actions · a) hospitals, b) hospitalised Medicare patients, c) Medicaid and Medicare patients Interventions to reduce corruption in the health sector (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	High
Intervention NR Adverse effects · a) hospitals, b) hospitalised Medicare patients, c) Medicaid and Medicare patients Interventions to reduce corruption in the health sector (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Resource use Amount collected and return on investment · a) hospitals, b) hospitalised Medicare patients, c) Medicaid and Medicare patients Interventions to reduce corruption in the health sector (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	High
Intervention NR Resource use Estimated programme savings · a) hospitals, b) hospitalised Medicare patients, c) Medicaid and Medicare patients Interventions to reduce corruption in the health sector (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	Low
Intervention NR Healthcare and health outcomes · a) hospitals, b) hospitalised Medicare patients, c) Medicaid and Medicare patients Interventions to reduce corruption in the health sector (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Corruption Pharmaceutical company spending on gifts · a) pharmaceutical companies, b) community health centre staff, c) health service users Interventions to reduce corruption in the health sector (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Corruption Fraud · a) pharmaceutical companies, b) community health centre staff, c) health service users Interventions to reduce corruption in the health sector (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Corruption Informal payments · a) pharmaceutical companies, b) community health centre staff, c) health service users Interventions to reduce corruption in the health sector (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	Low
Intervention NR Adverse effects · a) pharmaceutical companies, b) community health centre staff, c) health service users Interventions to reduce corruption in the health sector (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Adverse effects · doctors Interventions to reduce corruption in the health sector (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Resource use · a) pharmaceutical companies, b) community health centre staff, c) health service users Interventions to reduce corruption in the health sector (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Healthcare and health outcomes · a) pharmaceutical companies, b) community health centre staff, c) health service users Interventions to reduce corruption in the health sector (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Resource use · doctors Interventions to reduce corruption in the health sector (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Healthcare and health outcomes · doctors Interventions to reduce corruption in the health sector (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Corruption Overbilling (false or fraudulent claims) · health professionals Interventions to reduce corruption in the health sector (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Adverse effects · health professionals Interventions to reduce corruption in the health sector (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Resource use Healthcare expenditures · health professionals Interventions to reduce corruption in the health sector (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Healthcare and health outcomes Utilisation and health outcomes · health professionals Interventions to reduce corruption in the health sector (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	Very low
Intervention NR Corruption Complaints and convictions · a) hospitals, b) hospitalised Medicare patients, c) Medicaid and Medicare patients Interventions to reduce corruption in the health sector (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	Very low
External inspection of compliance with COHSASA hospital accreditation standards vs no external inspection Compliance with COHSASA accreditation standards at 2 years' External inspection of compliance with standards for improved healthcare outcomes (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	Very low
External inspection of compliance with COHSASA hospital accreditation standards vs no external inspection Compliance with COHSASA accreditation standards ‐ subgroup of critical criteria analysed at 2 years' External inspection of compliance with standards for improved healthcare outcomes (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	Very low
External inspection of compliance with COHSASA hospital accreditation standards vs no external inspection Indicators for hospital quality of care at 2 years' External inspection of compliance with standards for improved healthcare outcomes (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	Very low
External inspection of compliance with COHSASA hospital accreditation standards vs no external inspection Mortality and condition‐specific measures of outcome related to patients' health External inspection of compliance with standards for improved healthcare outcomes (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
External inspection of compliance with COHSASA hospital accreditation standards vs no external inspection Unanticipated/adverse consequences External inspection of compliance with standards for improved healthcare outcomes (2016) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies