Cochrane · systematic review · CD008856
Interventions to reduce corruption in the health sector
Gaitonde, R, Oxman, AD, Okebukola, PO, et al. · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · 2016 · Cochrane Library
Effective Practice and Organisation of CareAMSTAR 2: not assessed
SoF tableOnly the outcomes this review put in its Summary of Findings table are listed (the Cochrane Handbook caps them at about seven per comparison). Its other analyses are not shown here.
Questions
21
current version
GRADE rated
12
No studies
9
Included studies
NR
No studies 9 · 42.9%Ungraded 0 · 0%Very low 7 · 33.3%Low 3 · 14.3%Moderate 0 · 0%High 2 · 9.5%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
Questions and results
Dissemination of information
Population: doctors
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Corruption Attitudies | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Adverse effects | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Resource use | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Healthcare and health outcomes | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Improvement of detection and enforcement to reduce corruption
Population: health professionals
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Corruption Overbilling (false or fraudulent claims) | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Adverse effects | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Resource use Healthcare expenditures | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Healthcare and health outcomes Utilisation and health outcomes | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Establishment of an independent agency with improvement of detection and enforcement
Population: a) hospitals, b) hospitalised Medicare patients, c) Medicaid and Medicare patients
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Corruption Complaints and convictions | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Corruption Overbilling | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Corruption Enforcement actions | no estimate extracted | NR | High |
Adverse effects | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Resource use Amount collected and return on investment | no estimate extracted | NR | High |
Resource use Estimated programme savings | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Healthcare and health outcomes | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Increased transparency and accountability
Population: a) pharmaceutical companies, b) community health centre staff, c) health service users
| Outcome | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Corruption Pharmaceutical company spending on gifts | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Corruption Fraud | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Corruption Informal payments | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Adverse effects | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Resource use | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Healthcare and health outcomes | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |