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What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

1,520 questions · 1,575 findings · 175 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 239 · 15.2%GRADE not reported 59 · 3.7%Very low 337 · 21.4%Low 406 · 25.8%Moderate 410 · 26%High 124 · 7.9%

Systemic corticosteroids vs placebo or control

Mortality Mortality at latest · preterm infants with chronic lung disease

Systemic corticosteroids (dexamethasone or hydrocortisone) leads to lower mortality at latest reported age compared with control (placebo or nothing) (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic corticosteroids vs placebo or control

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia/chronic lung disease · preterm infants with chronic lung disease

Systemic corticosteroids (dexamethasone or hydrocortisone) probably leads to lower BPD at 36 weeks' PMA compared with control (placebo or nothing) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic corticosteroids vs placebo or control

Death or bronchopulmonary dysplasia at 36 weeks PMA · preterm infants with chronic lung disease

Systemic corticosteroids (dexamethasone or hydrocortisone) probably leads to lower mortality or BPD at 36 weeks' PMA compared with control (placebo or nothing) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic corticosteroids vs placebo or control

Cerebral palsy · preterm infants with chronic lung disease

Systemic corticosteroids (dexamethasone or hydrocortisone) showed no clear difference in cerebral palsy ‐ at latest reported age compared with control (placebo or nothing) (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Systemic corticosteroids vs placebo or control

Death or cerebral palsy · preterm infants with chronic lung disease

Systemic corticosteroids (dexamethasone or hydrocortisone) showed no clear difference in mortality or cerebral palsy ‐ at latest reported age compared with control (placebo or nothing) (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings: intranasal steroids plus oral antibiotic vs control plus antibiotic

OME resolution at intermediate‐term · Children with otitis media with effusion

Summary of findings: intranasal steroids plus oral antibiotic showed no clear difference in OME resolution at intermediate‐term compared with control plus antibiotic (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Corticosteroids plus standard care vs placebo or usual care

All‐cause mortality up to 30 days · hospitalised and unvaccinated individuals with a confirmed or suspected diagnosis of symptomatic COVID‐19

Summary of findings table ‐ Corticosteroids plus standard care probably leads to lower all‐cause mortality up to 30 days compared with standard care (plus/minus placebo) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Corticosteroids plus standard care vs placebo or usual care

All‐cause mortality up to 120 days · hospitalised and unvaccinated individuals with a confirmed or suspected diagnosis of symptomatic COVID‐19

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ Corticosteroids plus standard care changes all‐cause mortality up to 120 days compared with standard care (plus/minus placebo) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Corticosteroids plus standard care vs placebo or usual care

Clinical improvement: discharged alive ( · hospitalised and unvaccinated individuals with a confirmed or suspected diagnosis of symptomatic COVID‐19

Summary of findings table ‐ Corticosteroids plus standard care may leads to higher clinical improvement: discharged alive ( compared with standard care (plus/minus placebo) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Corticosteroids plus standard care vs placebo or usual care

Clinical worsening: new need for invasive mechanical ventilation or death · hospitalised and unvaccinated individuals with a confirmed or suspected diagnosis of symptomatic COVID‐19

Summary of findings table ‐ Corticosteroids plus standard care showed no clear difference in clinical worsening: new need for invasive mechanical ventilation or… compared with standard care (plus/minus placebo) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review