What do systematic reviews say?

Long‐acting beta2‐agonists vs placebo

Long‐acting beta2‐agonists showed no clear difference in mortality (all‐cause) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Long‐acting beta₂‐agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.9 [0.75, 1.08]
  23 studies · 14079 participants
  Moderate

Long‐acting beta2‐agonists vs placebo

Long‐acting beta2‐agonists showed no clear difference in participants with one or more serious adverse event (non‐fatal) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Long‐acting beta₂‐agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.97 [0.83, 1.14]
  20 studies · 12446 participants
  Moderate

Long‐acting beta2‐agonists vs placebo

Long‐acting beta2‐agonists showed no clear difference in predose FEV1 (mL) compared with placebo (low certainty).

• Long‐acting beta₂‐agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  MD 73
  14 studies · 6125 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 152 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  7 studies · 189 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 67 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 67 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 67 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 67 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  11 studies · 324 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

• Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  11 studies · 325 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

• Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 125 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 91 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

• Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  9 studies · 246 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 62 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  7 studies · 228 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Nutritional supplementation for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 76 participants
  Low

Tiotropium vs long‐acting beta‐agonists

• Tiotropium versus long‐acting beta‐agonists for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 4935 participants
  GRADE not reported

Tiotropium vs long‐acting beta‐agonists

Tiotropium probably leads to lower patients with 1 or more exacerbations compared with long‐acting beta‐agonists (moderate certainty).

• Tiotropium versus long‐acting beta‐agonists for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.86 [0.79, 0.93]
  6 studies · 12123 participants
  Moderate

Tiotropium vs long‐acting beta‐agonists

It is very uncertain whether tiotropium changes mortality (all‐cause) compared with long‐acting beta‐agonists (very low certainty).

• Tiotropium versus long‐acting beta‐agonists for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.82 [0.6, 1.13]
  6 studies · 12123 participants
  Very low