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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

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Intervention or exposure

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Review versions

2,434 questions in 139 reviews · Kidney and Transplant

current versions

No studies 504 · 20.7%Ungraded 40 · 1.6%Very low 611 · 25.1%Low 790 · 32.5%Moderate 414 · 17%High 75 · 3.1%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
Pharmacological interventions vs placebo Cholestyramine 0 to 3 severity scale · uraemic pruritus Interventions for itch in people with advanced chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 15 participants	Low
ACUTE: Serelaxin vs placebo Death (any cause) · heart failure with chronic kidney disease Pharmacological interventions for heart failure in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.59 [0.34, 1.02]	2 studies · 1395 participants	Low
CHRONIC: ACEi or ARB vs placebo Death (any cause) ( · heart failure with chronic kidney disease Pharmacological interventions for heart failure in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.85 [0.7, 1.02]	4 studies · 5003 participants	Low
CHRONIC: ACEi or ARB vs placebo Cardiovascular death ( · heart failure with chronic kidney disease Pharmacological interventions for heart failure in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.81 [0.64, 1.01]	2 studies · 1368 participants	Low
CHRONIC: ACEi or ARB vs placebo Hospitalisation (any cause) · heart failure with chronic kidney disease Pharmacological interventions for heart failure in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
CHRONIC: ACEi or ARB vs placebo Heart failure hospitalisation ( · heart failure with chronic kidney disease Pharmacological interventions for heart failure in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.9 [0.43, 1.9]	2 studies · 1368 participants	Very low
CHRONIC: ACEi or ARB vs placebo Worsening heart failure · heart failure with chronic kidney disease Pharmacological interventions for heart failure in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
CHRONIC: ACEi or ARB vs placebo Worsening kidney function · heart failure with chronic kidney disease Pharmacological interventions for heart failure in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
CHRONIC: ACEi or ARB vs placebo Hypotension (ARB; withdrawn from study) · heart failure with chronic kidney disease Pharmacological interventions for heart failure in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	RR 2.6 [1.12, 6.07]	1 study · 332 participants	Very low
CHRONIC: ACEi or ARB vs placebo Hyperkalaemia · heart failure with chronic kidney disease Pharmacological interventions for heart failure in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
CHRONIC: ACEi or ARB vs placebo Quality of life · heart failure with chronic kidney disease Pharmacological interventions for heart failure in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
CHRONIC: Beta‐blockers vs placebo Death (any cause) ( · heart failure with chronic kidney disease Pharmacological interventions for heart failure in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.69 [0.6, 0.79]	4 studies · 3136 participants	Moderate
ACUTE: Serelaxin vs placebo Cardiovascular death · heart failure with chronic kidney disease Pharmacological interventions for heart failure in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.47 [0.21, 1.08]	2 studies · 1395 participants	Low
CHRONIC: Beta‐blockers vs placebo Cardiovascular death ( · heart failure with chronic kidney disease Pharmacological interventions for heart failure in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.53 [0.35, 0.81]	3 studies · 2287 participants	Low
CHRONIC: Beta‐blockers vs placebo Hospitalisation (any cause) · heart failure with chronic kidney disease Pharmacological interventions for heart failure in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.75 [0.52, 1.08]	2 studies · 1583 participants	Low
CHRONIC: Beta‐blockers vs placebo Heart failure hospitalisation ( · heart failure with chronic kidney disease Pharmacological interventions for heart failure in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.67 [0.43, 1.05]	3 studies · 2287 participants	Low
CHRONIC: Beta‐blockers vs placebo Worsening heart failure · heart failure with chronic kidney disease Pharmacological interventions for heart failure in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.36 [0.58, 3.2]	1 study · 704 participants	Very low
CHRONIC: Beta‐blockers vs placebo Worsening kidney function · heart failure with chronic kidney disease Pharmacological interventions for heart failure in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 704 participants	Very low
CHRONIC: Beta‐blockers vs placebo Hypotension · heart failure with chronic kidney disease Pharmacological interventions for heart failure in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	RR 5.11 [0.25, 106.15]	1 study · 704 participants	Very low
CHRONIC: Beta‐blockers vs placebo Hyperkalaemia · heart failure with chronic kidney disease Pharmacological interventions for heart failure in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
CHRONIC: Beta‐blockers vs placebo Quality of life · heart failure with chronic kidney disease Pharmacological interventions for heart failure in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
CHRONIC: Aldosterone antagonists vs placebo Death (any cause) ( · heart failure with chronic kidney disease Pharmacological interventions for heart failure in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.61 [0.06, 6.59]	2 studies · 34 participants	Very low
CHRONIC: Aldosterone antagonists vs placebo Cardiovascular death · heart failure with chronic kidney disease Pharmacological interventions for heart failure in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
ACUTE: Serelaxin vs placebo Hospitalisation (any cause) · heart failure with chronic kidney disease Pharmacological interventions for heart failure in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
CHRONIC: Aldosterone antagonists vs placebo Hospitalisation (any cause) · heart failure with chronic kidney disease Pharmacological interventions for heart failure in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
CHRONIC: Aldosterone antagonists vs placebo Heart failure hospitalisation · heart failure with chronic kidney disease Pharmacological interventions for heart failure in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
CHRONIC: Aldosterone antagonists vs placebo Worsening heart failure · heart failure with chronic kidney disease Pharmacological interventions for heart failure in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
CHRONIC: Aldosterone antagonists vs placebo Worsening kidney function · heart failure with chronic kidney disease Pharmacological interventions for heart failure in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
CHRONIC: Aldosterone antagonists vs placebo Hypotension · heart failure with chronic kidney disease Pharmacological interventions for heart failure in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
CHRONIC: Aldosterone antagonists vs placebo Hyperkalaemia · heart failure with chronic kidney disease Pharmacological interventions for heart failure in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	RR 2.91 [2.03, 4.17]	3 studies · 826 participants	Low
CHRONIC: Aldosterone antagonists vs placebo Quality of life · heart failure with chronic kidney disease Pharmacological interventions for heart failure in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
ACUTE: Serelaxin vs placebo Heart failure hospitalisation · heart failure with chronic kidney disease Pharmacological interventions for heart failure in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
ACUTE: Serelaxin vs placebo Worsening heart failure · heart failure with chronic kidney disease Pharmacological interventions for heart failure in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.71 [0.54, 0.92]	2 studies · 1395 participants	Low
ACUTE: Serelaxin vs placebo Worsening kidney function · heart failure with chronic kidney disease Pharmacological interventions for heart failure in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.86 [0.37, 1.98]	2 studies · 1395 participants	Low
ACUTE: Serelaxin vs placebo Hypotension · heart failure with chronic kidney disease Pharmacological interventions for heart failure in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.26 [0.81, 1.96]	2 studies · 1395 participants	Low
ACUTE: Serelaxin vs placebo Hyperkalaemia · heart failure with chronic kidney disease Pharmacological interventions for heart failure in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.08	1 study · 234 participants	Very low
ACUTE: Serelaxin vs placebo Quality of life · heart failure with chronic kidney disease Pharmacological interventions for heart failure in people with chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Citrate vs unfractionated heparin Major bleeding · CRRT Pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.22 [0.08, 0.62]	7 studies · 535 participants	Moderate
Unfractionated heparin vs low molecular weight heparin Successful prevention of clotting · CRRT Pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.95 [0.7, 1.31]	1 study · 54 participants	Very low
Unfractionated heparin vs low molecular weight heparin Treatment cessation due to adverse events · CRRT Pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.29 [0.02, 3.53]	2 studies · 77 participants	Low
Unfractionated heparin vs low molecular weight heparin Recovery of kidney function · CRRT Pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Unfractionated heparin vs low molecular weight heparin Thrombocytopenia · CRRT Pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.57 [0.2, 1.63]	2 studies · 124 participants	Very low
Unfractionated heparin vs low molecular weight heparin Cost to health care services · CRRT Pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Unfractionated heparin vs no pharmacological anticoagulation Major bleeding · CRRT Pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.5 [0.05, 4.67]	1 study · 10 participants	Very low
Unfractionated heparin vs no pharmacological anticoagulation Death at 28 days · CRRT Pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Unfractionated heparin vs no pharmacological anticoagulation Successful prevention of clotting · CRRT Pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Unfractionated heparin vs no pharmacological anticoagulation Treatment cessation due of adverse events · CRRT Pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Unfractionated heparin vs no pharmacological anticoagulation Recovery of kidney function · CRRT Pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Citrate vs unfractionated heparin Death at 28 days · CRRT Pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.06 [0.86, 1.3]	5 studies · 462 participants	Moderate
Unfractionated heparin vs no pharmacological anticoagulation Thrombocytopenia · CRRT Pharmacological interventions for preventing clotting of extracorporeal circuits during continuous renal… (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies