Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

699 questions · 745 findings · 185 reviews

No studies found 180 · 24.2%GRADE not reported 76 · 10.2%Very low 194 · 26%Low 154 · 20.7%Moderate 110 · 14.8%High 31 · 4.2%

Local anaesthetic application via nasal packing vs no packing/packing with placebo

Additional analgesia required (escape analgesia) · septal surgery

Local anaesthetic application via nasal packing probably leads to lower requirement for additional analgesia compared with no packing/packing with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Sphenopalatine ganglion block vs no treatment/placebo

Patient‐reported pain intensity or pain relief (VAS, NRS or categorical scale) · septal surgery

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

3 findings from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Finding 19: social exclusion. Some parents, predominantly from LMICs, were less accepting of childhood vaccination due to their experiences of social exclusion. Social exclusion may involve economic disadvantage, residential segregation, a lack of... · groups. Numerous parents characterised infants and young children as weak and vulnerable, and in need of protection against multiple…
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Intervention Total studies: 9 Total participants: 883 · adults with malignant pleural effusion Interventions: talc poudrage, bleomycin, IPC – not daily drainage, doxycycline, placebo Comparator…

The intervention led to lower intervention Total studies: 9 Total participants: 883; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review