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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,434 questions in 139 reviews · Kidney and Transplant
current versionsNo studies 504 · 20.7%Ungraded 40 · 1.6%Very low 611 · 25.1%Low 790 · 32.5%Moderate 414 · 17%High 75 · 3.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
More intensive vs less intensive insulin therapy Death (any cause) Time frame: 1 to 5 years · pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients Glucose‐lowering agents for treating pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.68 [0.29, 1.58] | 3 studies · 208 participants | Very low |
More intensive vs less intensive insulin therapy Hypoglycaemia Time frame: 13 months to 5 years · pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients Glucose‐lowering agents for treating pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 301 participants | Very low |
More intensive vs less intensive insulin therapy Discontinuation of medication due to adverse events Time frame: 1 year · pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients Glucose‐lowering agents for treating pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
DPP‐4 inhibitors vs placebo Transplant or graft survival · pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients Glucose‐lowering agents for treating pre‐existing and new‐onset diabetes in kidney transplant recipients (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers vs placebo/control Predialysis systolic blood pressure · people with CKD requiring dialysis Calcium channel blockers for people with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 39 participants | Low |
Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers vs other antihypertensives Other side effects · people with CKD requiring dialysis Calcium channel blockers for people with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Dihydropyridine vs non‐dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers Predialysis systolic blood pressure · people with CKD requiring dialysis Calcium channel blockers for people with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Low |
Dihydropyridine vs non‐dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers Predialysis diastolic blood pressure · people with CKD requiring dialysis Calcium channel blockers for people with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Low |
Dihydropyridine vs non‐dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers Cardiovascular death · people with CKD requiring dialysis Calcium channel blockers for people with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Ungraded |
Dihydropyridine vs non‐dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers Intradialytic hypotension · people with CKD requiring dialysis Calcium channel blockers for people with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Dihydropyridine vs non‐dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers Other side effects1,5 · people with CKD requiring dialysis Calcium channel blockers for people with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.13 [0.01, 2.36] | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers vs placebo/control Predialysis diastolic blood pressure · people with CKD requiring dialysis Calcium channel blockers for people with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 76 participants | Low |
Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers vs placebo/control Cardiovascular death · people with CKD requiring dialysis Calcium channel blockers for people with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 124 participants | Ungraded |
Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers vs placebo/control Intradialytic hypotension · people with CKD requiring dialysis Calcium channel blockers for people with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.54 [0.25, 1.15] | 2 studies · 287 participants | Low |
Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers vs placebo/control Other side effects · people with CKD requiring dialysis Calcium channel blockers for people with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers vs other antihypertensives Predialysis systolic blood pressure · people with CKD requiring dialysis Calcium channel blockers for people with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 180 participants | Low |
Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers vs other antihypertensives Predialysis diastolic blood pressure · people with CKD requiring dialysis Calcium channel blockers for people with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 180 participants | Low |
Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers vs other antihypertensives Cardiovascular death · people with CKD requiring dialysis Calcium channel blockers for people with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 164 participants | Ungraded |
Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers vs other antihypertensives Intradialytic hypotension · people with CKD requiring dialysis Calcium channel blockers for people with chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis (2020) · Cochrane | RR 2.88 [0.12, 68.79] | 1 study · 92 participants | Very low |
Pharmacological interventions vs placebo GABA analogue VAS(0 to 10 cm) · uraemic pruritus Interventions for itch in people with advanced chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 297 participants | High |
Pharmacological interventions vs placebo Montelukast Duo score (0 to 81) and VAS (0 to 10 cm) · uraemic pruritus Interventions for itch in people with advanced chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 87 participants | Moderate |
Pharmacological interventions vs placebo Sertraline VAS(0 to 10 cm) · uraemic pruritus Interventions for itch in people with advanced chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 46 participants | Low |
Pharmacological interventions vs placebo Lidocaine Itch relief · uraemic pruritus Interventions for itch in people with advanced chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 16 participants | Very low |
Pharmacological interventions vs placebo Sodium thalidomide Itch relief · uraemic pruritus Interventions for itch in people with advanced chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 33 participants | Very low |
Pharmacological interventions vs placebo Doxepin Itch relief · uraemic pruritus Interventions for itch in people with advanced chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 48 participants | Low |
Topical treatments vs placebo Capsaicin cream VAS and Duo’s score · uraemic pruritus Interventions for itch in people with advanced chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 112 participants | Moderate |
Topical treatments vs placebo Pramoxine lotion VAS(0 to 10 cm) · uraemic pruritus Interventions for itch in people with advanced chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 27 participants | Very low |
Topical treatments vs placebo Calcineurin inhibitor VAS(0 to 10 cm) · uraemic pruritus Interventions for itch in people with advanced chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 80 participants | Very low |
Topical treatments vs placebo Dead Sea lotion 1 to 5 severity score · uraemic pruritus Interventions for itch in people with advanced chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 41 participants | Very low |
Topical treatments vs placebo Cromolyn cream VAS (0 to 5 cm) · uraemic pruritus Interventions for itch in people with advanced chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |
Pharmacological interventions vs placebo Ondansetron VAS(0 to 10 cm) · uraemic pruritus Interventions for itch in people with advanced chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 183 participants | High |
Topical treatments vs placebo Baby oil Itch Severity Scale(0 to 21) · uraemic pruritus Interventions for itch in people with advanced chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 125 participants | Low |
Topical treatments vs placebo L‐arginine salve 0 to 3 severity score · uraemic pruritus Interventions for itch in people with advanced chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 48 participants | Low |
Topical treatments vs placebo Polyunsaturated fatty acids VAS (0 to 10 cm) Duo score · uraemic pruritus Interventions for itch in people with advanced chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 78 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Polyunsaturated fatty acids 0 to 5severity score · uraemic pruritus Interventions for itch in people with advanced chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 22 participants | Low |
Intervention NR L‐carnitine VAS (0 to 6 cm) · uraemic pruritus Interventions for itch in people with advanced chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 12 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Zinc sulfate VAS (0 to 10 cm) · uraemic pruritus Interventions for itch in people with advanced chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 76 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Ergocalciferol 21 point scale · uraemic pruritus Interventions for itch in people with advanced chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 50 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Turmeric Duo score (5 to 40) · uraemic pruritus Interventions for itch in people with advanced chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 100 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Fumaria parviflora VAS (0 to 10 cm) · uraemic pruritus Interventions for itch in people with advanced chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 63 participants | Low |
Intervention NR High flux/permeability dialysis VAS (0 to 10 cm) · uraemic pruritus Interventions for itch in people with advanced chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 202 participants | Low |
Pharmacological interventions vs placebo Kappa‐opioid agonist VAS(0 to 10 cm) · uraemic pruritus Interventions for itch in people with advanced chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 661 participants | High |
Intervention NR HD with haemoperfusion VAS (0 to 10 cm) · uraemic pruritus Interventions for itch in people with advanced chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 90 participants | Low |
Intervention NR UV‐B Duo score, VAS, and %improvement · uraemic pruritus Interventions for itch in people with advanced chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 86 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Thermal therapy VAS (0 to 10 cm) · uraemic pruritus Interventions for itch in people with advanced chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 41 participants | Low |
Pharmacological interventions vs placebo Mu‐opioid antagonist VAS(0 to 10 cm) · uraemic pruritus Interventions for itch in people with advanced chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 62 participants | Low |
Pharmacological interventions vs placebo Nalbuphine VAS(0 to 10 cm) · uraemic pruritus Interventions for itch in people with advanced chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 179 participants | Low |
Pharmacological interventions vs placebo Cromolyn VAS(0 to 10 cm) · uraemic pruritus Interventions for itch in people with advanced chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Low |
Pharmacological interventions vs placebo Nicotinamide VAS(0 to 5 cm) · uraemic pruritus Interventions for itch in people with advanced chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 50 participants | Low |
Pharmacological interventions vs placebo EPO Duo score(0 to 40) · uraemic pruritus Interventions for itch in people with advanced chronic kidney disease (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |