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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Relaxation vs standard care Pain at six weeks after discharge · post‐caesarean pain Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
TENS vs no treatment Pain · post‐caesarean pain Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Low |
TENS vs no treatment Adverse effects · post‐caesarean pain Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
TENS vs no treatment Vital signs · post‐caesarean pain Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
TENS vs no treatment Rescue analgesic requirement · post‐caesarean pain Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
TENS vs no treatment Pain at six weeks after discharge · post‐caesarean pain Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
TENS plus analgesia vs placebo plus analgesia Pain · post‐caesarean pain Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 238 participants | Low |
TENS plus analgesia vs placebo plus analgesia Pain · post‐caesarean pain Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 108 participants | Low |
TENS plus analgesia vs placebo plus analgesia Adverse effects · post‐caesarean pain Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 234 participants | Ungraded |
Acupuncture or acupressure plus analgesia vs placebo plus analgesia Adverse effects · post‐caesarean pain Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
TENS plus analgesia vs placebo plus analgesia Vital signs ‐ heart rate · post‐caesarean pain Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 108 participants | Low |
TENS plus analgesia vs placebo plus analgesia Vital signs: respiratory rate · post‐caesarean pain Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 108 participants | Low |
TENS plus analgesia vs placebo plus analgesia Rescue analgesic requirement (cumulative dose) ‐ Diclofenac · post‐caesarean pain Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 108 participants | Low |
TENS plus analgesia vs placebo plus analgesia Pain at six weeks after discharge · post‐caesarean pain Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
TENS plus analgesia vs analgesia Pain · post‐caesarean pain Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 92 participants | Very low |
TENS plus analgesia vs analgesia Pain · post‐caesarean pain Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 42 participants | Very low |
TENS plus analgesia vs analgesia Adverse effects · post‐caesarean pain Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
TENS plus analgesia vs analgesia Vital signs ‐ heart rate · post‐caesarean pain Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 50 participants | Very low |
TENS plus analgesia vs analgesia Vital signs ‐ respiratory rate · post‐caesarean pain Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 50 participants | Very low |
TENS plus analgesia vs analgesia Rescue analgesic requirement (cumulative dose) ‐ dipyrone and morphine up to four hours · post‐caesarean pain Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 92 participants | Very low |
Acupuncture or acupressure plus analgesia vs placebo plus analgesia Vital signs · post‐caesarean pain Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
TENS plus analgesia vs analgesia Pain at six weeks after discharge · post‐caesarean pain Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Acupuncture or acupressure plus analgesia vs placebo plus analgesia Rescue analgesic requirement (number of analgesics consumed) · post‐caesarean pain Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 108 participants | Very low |
Pharmacological oral galactagogues vs placebo or no treatment Proportion of mothers who continued breastfeeding (exclusive or any) at 3, 4 and 6 months · increasing breast milk production in mothers of non‐hospitalised term infants Oral galactagogues (natural therapies or drugs) for increasing breast milk production in mothers of… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pharmacological oral galactagogues vs placebo or no treatment Infant weight at the end of the study (grams) (in trials where they were only receiving own mother's milk)‐ metoclopramide ( · increasing breast milk production in mothers of non‐hospitalised term infants Oral galactagogues (natural therapies or drugs) for increasing breast milk production in mothers of… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Low |
Pharmacological oral galactagogues vs placebo or no treatment Volume of breast milk at the latest time measured (mL) ‐ domperidone, metoclopramide, sulpiride ( · increasing breast milk production in mothers of non‐hospitalised term infants Oral galactagogues (natural therapies or drugs) for increasing breast milk production in mothers of… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 151 participants | Low |
Pharmacological oral galactagogues vs placebo or no treatment Adverse effects for the infant or mother ( · increasing breast milk production in mothers of non‐hospitalised term infants Oral galactagogues (natural therapies or drugs) for increasing breast milk production in mothers of… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 133 participants | Very low |
Natural oral galactagogues vs placebo or no treatment Proportion of mothers who continued breastfeeding (exclusive or any) at 3, 4 and 6 months · increasing breast milk production in mothers of non‐hospitalised term infants Oral galactagogues (natural therapies or drugs) for increasing breast milk production in mothers of… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Natural oral galactagogues vs placebo or no treatment Infant weight (where they were only receiving own mother's milk) at the end of the study (grams) ( · increasing breast milk production in mothers of non‐hospitalised term infants Oral galactagogues (natural therapies or drugs) for increasing breast milk production in mothers of… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 275 participants | Very low |
Natural oral galactagogues vs placebo or no treatment Volume of breast milk at the latest time measured (mL) ( · increasing breast milk production in mothers of non‐hospitalised term infants Oral galactagogues (natural therapies or drugs) for increasing breast milk production in mothers of… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 13 studies · 962 participants | Very low |
Natural oral galactagogues vs placebo or no treatment Adverse effects for the infant or mother · increasing breast milk production in mothers of non‐hospitalised term infants Oral galactagogues (natural therapies or drugs) for increasing breast milk production in mothers of… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 10 participants | Very low |
Simulation‐based obstetric team training vs no training Maternal and perinatal outcome (Kirkpatrick level 4: patient outcome) Multi‐professional simulation‐based team training in obstetric emergencies for improving patient outcomes… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 79320 participants | Low |
Simulation‐based obstetric team training vs no training Performance of obstetric team in practice (Kirkpatrick level 3: behavioural change) Multi‐professional simulation‐based team training in obstetric emergencies for improving patient outcomes… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 2398 participants | Moderate |
Simulation‐based obstetric team training vs no training Maternal mortality (Kirkpatrick level 4: patient outcome) Multi‐professional simulation‐based team training in obstetric emergencies for improving patient outcomes… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.3, 2.27] | 2 studies · 79246 participants | Very low |
Simulation‐based obstetric team training vs no training Neonatal mortality (Kirkpatrick level 4: patient outcome) Multi‐professional simulation‐based team training in obstetric emergencies for improving patient outcomes… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.7 [0.48, 1.01] | 2 studies · 79246 participants | Low |
Simulation‐based obstetric team training vs no training Low Apgar score (Kirkpatrick level 4: patient outcome) Multi‐professional simulation‐based team training in obstetric emergencies for improving patient outcomes… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.85, 1.15] | 2 studies · 115171 participants | Low |
Simulation‐based obstetric team training vs no training Trauma due to shoulder dystocia (Kirkpatrick level 4: patient outcome) Multi‐professional simulation‐based team training in obstetric emergencies for improving patient outcomes… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.5 [0.25, 1] | 1 study · 28657 participants | Moderate |
Simulation‐based obstetric team training vs no training Cesarean delivery (Kirkpatrick level 4: patient outcome) Multi‐professional simulation‐based team training in obstetric emergencies for improving patient outcomes… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.79 [0.67, 0.93] | 1 study · 50589 participants | Moderate |
Laxative vs placebo Pain or straining on defecation · women in the postpartum period Interventions for preventing postpartum constipation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Laxative vs placebo Adverse effects on babies: loose stools · women in the postpartum period Interventions for preventing postpartum constipation (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.62 [0.16, 2.41] | 1 study · 281 participants | Very low |
Laxative vs placebo Adverse effects on babies: diarrhoea · women in the postpartum period Interventions for preventing postpartum constipation (2020) · Cochrane | RR 2.46 [0.23, 26.82] | 1 study · 281 participants | Very low |
Laxative plus bulking agent vs laxative alone Pain or straining on defecation (Likert‐scale from 1 to 5; 1 = no pain; 5 = worst pain) · postpartum women who underwent surgical repair of third degree perineal tears Interventions for preventing postpartum constipation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 147 participants | Very low |
Laxative plus bulking agent vs laxative alone Incidence of postpartum constipation · postpartum women who underwent surgical repair of third degree perineal tears Interventions for preventing postpartum constipation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Laxative plus bulking agent vs laxative alone Quality of life · postpartum women who underwent surgical repair of third degree perineal tears Interventions for preventing postpartum constipation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Laxative plus bulking agent vs laxative alone Time to first bowel movement · postpartum women who underwent surgical repair of third degree perineal tears Interventions for preventing postpartum constipation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 147 participants | Very low |
Laxative plus bulking agent vs laxative alone Adverse effects on women: faecal incontinence during first 10 postpartum days · postpartum women who underwent surgical repair of third degree perineal tears Interventions for preventing postpartum constipation (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.81 [1.01, 3.23] | 1 study · 147 participants | Very low |
Laxative plus bulking agent vs laxative alone Adverse effects on babies · postpartum women who underwent surgical repair of third degree perineal tears Interventions for preventing postpartum constipation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Laxative vs placebo Incidence of postpartum constipation · women in the postpartum period Interventions for preventing postpartum constipation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Laxative vs placebo Quality of life · women in the postpartum period Interventions for preventing postpartum constipation (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Laxative vs placebo Time to first bowel movement (BM) (№ women with 1st BM less than 24 hours after delivery) · women in the postpartum period Interventions for preventing postpartum constipation (2020) · Cochrane | RR 2.9 [2.24, 3.75] | 1 study · 471 participants | Low |