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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,751 questions in 147 reviews · Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care
current versionsNo studies 361 · 20.6%Ungraded 87 · 5%Very low 625 · 35.7%Low 367 · 21%Moderate 232 · 13.2%High 79 · 4.5%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Perioperative infraorbital nerve block vs Intravenous analgesia Pain measured by valid instruments (mean postoperative pain score) · Children up to 13 years of age, undergoing cleft lip repair surgery · 0 to 4 hours (first four hours after surgery) Infraorbital nerve block for postoperative pain following cleft lip repair in children (2016) · Cochrane | SMD -1.50 [-2.40, -0.60] | 2 studies · 107 participants | Very low |
Perioperative infraorbital nerve block vs Infiltration of the incision (peri-incisional infiltration) Need for analgesic prescription for pain (supplemental analgesic requirements) · Children up to 13 years of age, undergoing cleft lip repair surgery Infraorbital nerve block for postoperative pain following cleft lip repair in children (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.16 [0.05, 0.51] | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
Perioperative infraorbital nerve block vs Placebo (sham block) Time to first analgesic requirement · Children up to 13 years of age, undergoing cleft lip repair surgery Infraorbital nerve block for postoperative pain following cleft lip repair in children (2016) · Cochrane | Takmaz 2009: time to first analgesic requirement significantly longer in the intervention than the placebo group (8.3 +/- 0.9 hours versus 1.6 +/- 0.8 hours; P = 0.001). Not pooled. | 1 study | Ungraded |
Perioperative infraorbital nerve block vs Intravenous analgesia Time to feeding after surgery (in minutes) · Children up to 13 years of age, undergoing cleft lip repair surgery Infraorbital nerve block for postoperative pain following cleft lip repair in children (2016) · Cochrane | MD -9.45 [-17.37, -1.53] | 2 studies · 128 participants | Low |
Perioperative infraorbital nerve block vs Infiltration of the incision (peri-incisional infiltration) Pain measured by valid instruments · Children up to 13 years of age, undergoing cleft lip repair surgery Infraorbital nerve block for postoperative pain following cleft lip repair in children (2016) · Cochrane | No numeric data available; one study reported difference favouring control group only at 6 hours postoperatively. One study reported that children in the intervention group had lower pain scores between 1 and 8 hours… | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Perioperative infraorbital nerve block vs Intravenous analgesia Need for analgesic prescription for pain (supplemental analgesic requirements) · Children up to 13 years of age, undergoing cleft lip repair surgery Infraorbital nerve block for postoperative pain following cleft lip repair in children (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.27 [0.13, 0.55] | 1 study · 82 participants | Very low |
Perioperative infraorbital nerve block vs Placebo (sham block) Heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure · Children up to 13 years of age, undergoing cleft lip repair surgery Infraorbital nerve block for postoperative pain following cleft lip repair in children (2016) · Cochrane | Ahuja 1994: no significant difference in heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure between groups. Takmaz 2009: no differences in respiratory rate and blood pressure, but children in the placebo group had… | 2 studies | Ungraded |
Perioperative infraorbital nerve block vs Placebo (sham block) Duration of postoperative analgesia (in hours) · Children up to 13 years of age, undergoing cleft lip repair surgery Infraorbital nerve block for postoperative pain following cleft lip repair in children (2016) · Cochrane | MD 8.26 [5.41, 11.11] | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Perioperative infraorbital nerve block vs Intravenous analgesia Heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure · Children up to 13 years of age, undergoing cleft lip repair surgery Infraorbital nerve block for postoperative pain following cleft lip repair in children (2016) · Cochrane | The included studies did not report these outcomes. | 0 studies | No studies |
Perioperative infraorbital nerve block vs Placebo (sham block) Pain measured by valid instruments (mean postoperative pain score) · Children up to 13 years of age, undergoing cleft lip repair surgery · 0 to 4 hours (peak) Infraorbital nerve block for postoperative pain following cleft lip repair in children (2016) · Cochrane | SMD -3.54 [-6.13, -0.95] | 3 studies · 120 participants | Very low |
Perioperative infraorbital nerve block vs Infiltration of the incision (peri-incisional infiltration) Time to first analgesic requirement · Children up to 13 years of age, undergoing cleft lip repair surgery Infraorbital nerve block for postoperative pain following cleft lip repair in children (2016) · Cochrane | MD 4.92 [3.84, 6.00] | 1 study · 50 participants | Ungraded |
Perioperative infraorbital nerve block vs Placebo (sham block) Need for analgesic prescription for pain (supplemental analgesic requirements) · Children up to 13 years of age, undergoing cleft lip repair surgery · At 4 hours Infraorbital nerve block for postoperative pain following cleft lip repair in children (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.05 [0.01, 0.18] | 3 studies · 120 participants | Low |
Acupuncture vs no treatment/usual care Headache frequency (after treatment) · people with episodic migraine Acupuncture for the prevention of episodic migraine (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 2199 participants | Moderate |
Acupuncture vs sham interventions Number of participants reporting adverse effects · people with episodic migraine Acupuncture for the prevention of episodic migraine (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.15 [0.85, 1.56] | 4 studies · 1414 participants | High |
Acupuncture vs prophylactic drugs Headache frequency · people with episodic migraine Acupuncture for the prevention of episodic migraine (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 739 participants | Moderate |
Acupuncture vs prophylactic drugs Headache frequency · people with episodic migraine Acupuncture for the prevention of episodic migraine (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 744 participants | Moderate |
Acupuncture vs prophylactic drugs Response · people with episodic migraine Acupuncture for the prevention of episodic migraine (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.24 [1.08, 1.44] | 3 studies · 743 participants | Moderate |
Acupuncture vs prophylactic drugs Response · people with episodic migraine Acupuncture for the prevention of episodic migraine (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.97, 1.26] | 3 studies · 744 participants | Moderate |
Acupuncture vs prophylactic drugs Number of participants dropping out due to adverse effects · people with episodic migraine Acupuncture for the prevention of episodic migraine (2016) · Cochrane | OR 0.27 [0.08, 0.86] | 4 studies · 451 participants | Moderate |
Acupuncture vs prophylactic drugs Number of participants reporting adverse effects · people with episodic migraine Acupuncture for the prevention of episodic migraine (2016) · Cochrane | OR 0.25 [0.1, 0.62] | 5 studies · 931 participants | Moderate |
Acupuncture vs no treatment/usual care Headache frequency ( · people with episodic migraine Acupuncture for the prevention of episodic migraine (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 284 participants | Low |
Acupuncture vs no treatment/usual care Response (after treatment) · people with episodic migraine Acupuncture for the prevention of episodic migraine (2016) · Cochrane | RR 2.4 [2.08, 2.76] | 4 studies · 2519 participants | Moderate |
Acupuncture vs no treatment/usual care Response ( · people with episodic migraine Acupuncture for the prevention of episodic migraine (2016) · Cochrane | RR 2.16 [1.35, 3.45] | 1 study · 377 participants | Low |
Acupuncture vs sham interventions Headache frequency (after treatment) · people with episodic migraine Acupuncture for the prevention of episodic migraine (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 12 studies · 1646 participants | Moderate |
Acupuncture vs sham interventions Headache frequency ( · people with episodic migraine Acupuncture for the prevention of episodic migraine (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 1534 participants | Moderate |
Acupuncture vs sham interventions Response (after treatment) · people with episodic migraine Acupuncture for the prevention of episodic migraine (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.23 [1.11, 1.36] | 14 studies · 1825 participants | Moderate |
Acupuncture vs sham interventions Response ( · people with episodic migraine Acupuncture for the prevention of episodic migraine (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.25 [1.13, 1.39] | 11 studies · 1683 participants | Moderate |
Acupuncture vs sham interventions Number of participants dropping out due to adverse effects · people with episodic migraine Acupuncture for the prevention of episodic migraine (2016) · Cochrane | RR 2.84 [0.43, 18.71] | 7 studies · 931 participants | Low |
Intervention NR LASB vs placebo · adults with CRPS Local anaesthetic sympathetic blockade for complex regional pain syndrome (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 23 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Image‐guided LASB vs nonimage‐guided LASB · adults with CRPS Local anaesthetic sympathetic blockade for complex regional pain syndrome (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 42 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR LASB vs oral corticosteroids · adults with CRPS Local anaesthetic sympathetic blockade for complex regional pain syndrome (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 38 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR LASB bupivacaine + BTA vs LASB bupivacaine · adults with CRPS Local anaesthetic sympathetic blockade for complex regional pain syndrome (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 9 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Thoracic LASB + steroid vs subcutaneous local anaesthetic+ steroid · adults with CRPS Local anaesthetic sympathetic blockade for complex regional pain syndrome (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 36 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR LASB vs ultrasound block · adults with CRPS Local anaesthetic sympathetic blockade for complex regional pain syndrome (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 18 participants | Low |
Intervention NR LASB vs IVRB guanethidine · adults with CRPS Local anaesthetic sympathetic blockade for complex regional pain syndrome (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 19 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR LASB lumbar plexus vs pulsed radiofrequency lumbar plexus · adults with CRPS Local anaesthetic sympathetic blockade for complex regional pain syndrome (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR LASB (lidocaine + clonidine) vs IVRB (lidocaine + clonidine) · adults with CRPS Local anaesthetic sympathetic blockade for complex regional pain syndrome (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 43 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR LASB + PT+ pharmacological vs PT + pharmacological · adults with CRPS Local anaesthetic sympathetic blockade for complex regional pain syndrome (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 82 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR LASB + PT vs PT · adults with CRPS Local anaesthetic sympathetic blockade for complex regional pain syndrome (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Continuous LASB vs continuous brachial plexus block · adults with CRPS Local anaesthetic sympathetic blockade for complex regional pain syndrome (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 33 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Pain freedom at 2 h · acute treatment of migraine in children Drugs for the acute treatment of migraine in children and adolescents (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.87 [1.15, 3.04] | 2 studies · 125 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Adverse events · acute treatment of migraine in children Drugs for the acute treatment of migraine in children and adolescents (2016) · Cochrane | RD 0 | 1 study · 80 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Pain freedom at 2 h · acute treatment of migraine in children Drugs for the acute treatment of migraine in children and adolescents (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.67 [1.06, 2.62] | 3 studies · 345 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Adverse events · acute treatment of migraine in children Drugs for the acute treatment of migraine in children and adolescents (2016) · Cochrane | RD 0.06 | 3 studies · 420 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Pain freedom at 2 h · acute treatment of migraine in adolescents Drugs for the acute treatment of migraine in children and adolescents (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.32 [1.19, 1.47] | 21 studies · 6761 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Adverse events · acute treatment of migraine in adolescents Drugs for the acute treatment of migraine in children and adolescents (2016) · Cochrane | RD 0.13 [0.08, 0.18] | 21 studies · 7876 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Pain freedom at 2 h · acute treatment of migraine in adolescents Drugs for the acute treatment of migraine in children and adolescents (2016) · Cochrane | RR 2.66 [1.57, 4.51] | 1 study · 485 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Adverse events · acute treatment of migraine in adolescents Drugs for the acute treatment of migraine in children and adolescents (2016) · Cochrane | RD 0.03 | 1 study · 490 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Para/propacetamol vs placebo see footnote1 · patients with postoperative pain Single dose intravenous paracetamol or intravenous propacetamol for postoperative pain (2016) · Cochrane | RR 2.53 [2.01, 3.19] | 11 studies · 1149 participants | High |
Intervention NR Propacetamol vs placebo see footnote1 · patients with postoperative pain Single dose intravenous paracetamol or intravenous propacetamol for postoperative pain (2016) · Cochrane | RR 2.4 [1.64, 3.5] | 6 studies · 611 participants | Low |