Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

539 questions · 553 findings · 58 reviews · Airways

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No studies found 37 · 6.7%GRADE not reported 8 · 1.4%Very low 27 · 4.9%Low 161 · 29.1%Moderate 219 · 39.6%High 101 · 18.3%

Beta2‐agonists vs placebo (single administration)

Maximal percentage fall in PEF · exercise‐induced asthma

1 finding from 1 review

Beta₂‐agonists for exercise‐induced asthma 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
14 studies · 92 participants
Low

Beta2‐agonists vs placebo (single administration)

Maximal percentage fall in FEF25‐75% · exercise‐induced asthma

1 finding from 1 review

Beta₂‐agonists for exercise‐induced asthma 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
8 studies · 106 participants
Low

Beta2‐agonists vs placebo (single administration)

Side effects · exercise‐induced asthma

Beta2‐agonists showed no clear difference in side effects compared with placebo (single administration) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Beta₂‐agonists for exercise‐induced asthma 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.83 [0.43, 1.59]
55 studies · 2165 participants
Low

Inhaled corticosteroids vs placebo

Primary outcome · adults with subacute and chronic cough

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled corticosteroids for subacute and chronic cough in adults 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Inhaled corticosteroids vs placebo

Proportion of participants who achieved clinical cure or significant improvement (> 70% reduction in cough severity measure) at · adults with subacute and chronic cough

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled corticosteroids for subacute and chronic cough in adults 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 180 participants
Low

Inhaled corticosteroids vs placebo

Secondary outcomes · adults with subacute and chronic cough

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled corticosteroids for subacute and chronic cough in adults 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Inhaled corticosteroids vs placebo

Proportion of participants who achieved clinical cure or > 50% reduction in cough severity measure at · adults with subacute and chronic cough

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled corticosteroids for subacute and chronic cough in adults 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 230 participants
Low

Inhaled corticosteroids vs placebo

Clinical cure · adults with subacute and chronic cough

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled corticosteroids for subacute and chronic cough in adults 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 320 participants
Low

Inhaled corticosteroids vs placebo

Severity of cough (mean improvement score) · adults with subacute and chronic cough

Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) showed no clear difference in mean change in cough score Symptomatic cough severity measure as… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled corticosteroids for subacute and chronic cough in adults 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 346 participants
Low

Inhaled corticosteroids vs placebo

Proportion with adverse effects of treatment · adults with subacute and chronic cough

Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) showed no clear difference in proportion with adverse effects of treatment compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Inhaled corticosteroids for subacute and chronic cough in adults 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.67 [0.92, 3.04]
4 studies · 381 participants
Moderate

Beclometasone vs placebo

Pneumonia · participants with stable stage 2 and 3 COPD (mainly FEV1 49 ± 12% predicted), ex‐smokers (majority), smokers and non‐smokers

1 finding from 1 review

Beclometasone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Beclometasone vs placebo

Exacerbations · participants with stable stage 2 and 3 COPD (mainly FEV1 49 ± 12% predicted), ex‐smokers (majority), smokers and non‐smokers

1 finding from 1 review

Beclometasone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Beclometasone vs placebo

Symptoms of dyspnoea · participants with stable stage 2 and 3 COPD (mainly FEV1 49 ± 12% predicted), ex‐smokers (majority), smokers and non‐smokers

1 finding from 1 review

Beclometasone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 194 participants
Moderate

Beclometasone vs placebo

Adverse events: candidiasis · participants with stable stage 2 and 3 COPD (mainly FEV1 49 ± 12% predicted), ex‐smokers (majority), smokers and non‐smokers

It is very uncertain whether beclometasone changes adverse events: candidiasis compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Beclometasone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.41 [0.24, 8.31]
1 study · 194 participants
Very low

Beclometasone vs placebo

Withdrawal (all‐cause) · participants with stable stage 2 and 3 COPD (mainly FEV1 49 ± 12% predicted), ex‐smokers (majority), smokers and non‐smokers

Beclometasone showed no clear difference in withdrawal (all‐cause) compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Beclometasone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.33 [0.83, 2.14]
2 studies · 292 participants
Low

Beclometasone vs placebo

FEV1 · participants with stable stage 2 and 3 COPD (mainly FEV1 49 ± 12% predicted), ex‐smokers (majority), smokers and non‐smokers

1 finding from 1 review

Beclometasone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 194 participants
Very low

Beclometasone vs placebo

Mortality (all‐cause) (dichotomous Peto method) · participants with stable stage 2 and 3 COPD (mainly FEV1 49 ± 12% predicted), ex‐smokers (majority), smokers and non‐smokers

It is very uncertain whether beclometasone changes mortality (all‐cause) (dichotomous Peto method) compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Beclometasone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.94 [0.26, 3.34]
1 study · 194 participants
Very low

Long‐acting beta2‐agonists vs placebo

Outcomes · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Long‐acting beta₂‐agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Long‐acting beta2‐agonists vs placebo

Quality of life St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) score · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Long‐acting beta2‐agonists showed no clear difference in quality of life1 St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ); lower… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Long‐acting beta₂‐agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
17 studies · 11397 participants
Moderate

Long‐acting beta2‐agonists vs placebo

Severe exacerbations requiring hospitalisation over the study period · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Long‐acting beta2‐agonists probably leads to lower severe exacerbations (hospitalisations) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Long‐acting beta₂‐agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.73 [0.56, 0.95]
7 studies · 2859 participants
Moderate