Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

467 questions · 495 findings · 30 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth

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No studies found 124 · 25.1%GRADE not reported 48 · 9.7%Very low 104 · 21%Low 134 · 27.1%Moderate 62 · 12.5%High 23 · 4.6%

Lanolin vs no intervention

Nipple pain 5‐point verbal descriptor scale · breastfeeding women with sore nipples

Lanolin showed no clear difference in nipple pain 5‐point verbal descriptor scale compared with no intervention (control group) (low certainty).

3 findings from 1 review

Interventions for treating painful nipples among breastfeeding women 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.97 [0.91, 1.04]
1 study · 147 participants
Low
Interventions for treating painful nipples among breastfeeding women 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.3 [0.63, 2.66]
2 studies · 312 participants
Low
Interventions for treating painful nipples among breastfeeding women 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.85 [0.63, 1.14]
2 studies · 297 participants
Low

Expressed breast milk vs no intervention

Nipple pain 5‐point verbal descriptor scale · breastfeeding women with sore nipples

Expressed breast milk showed no clear difference in nipple pain 5‐point verbal descriptor scale compared with no intervention (control group) (low certainty).

3 findings from 1 review

Interventions for treating painful nipples among breastfeeding women 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.96 [0.9, 1.03]
1 study · 151 participants
Low
Interventions for treating painful nipples among breastfeeding women 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.17 [0.71, 1.92]
1 study · 151 participants
Low
Interventions for treating painful nipples among breastfeeding women 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.62 [0.11, 3.63]
1 study · 151 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Planned or preferred mode of birth: VBAC · women deciding about mode of birth in a pregnancy after caesarean birth

The intervention showed no clear difference in planned or preferred mode of birth: VBAC (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for supporting pregnant women's decision‐making about mode of birth after a caesarean 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.03 [0.97, 1.1]
3 studies · 2071 participants
High

Intervention not reported

Planned mode of birth: unsure · women deciding about mode of birth in a pregnancy after caesarean birth

The intervention showed no clear difference in planned mode of birth: unsure (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for supporting pregnant women's decision‐making about mode of birth after a caesarean 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.87 [0.62, 1.2]
3 studies · 2071 participants
High

Intervention not reported

Adverse outcomes1 · women deciding about mode of birth in a pregnancy after caesarean birth

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for supporting pregnant women's decision‐making about mode of birth after a caesarean 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Congruence between preferred and actual mode of birth · women deciding about mode of birth in a pregnancy after caesarean birth

The intervention showed no clear difference in congruence between preferred and actual mode of birth (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for supporting pregnant women's decision‐making about mode of birth after a caesarean 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.02 [0.96, 1.07]
3 studies · 1921 participants
High

Intervention not reported

Actual mode of birth (VBAC versus caesarean) · women deciding about mode of birth in a pregnancy after caesarean birth

The intervention showed no clear difference in actual mode of birth (VBAC versus caesarean) (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for supporting pregnant women's decision‐making about mode of birth after a caesarean 2013 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.97 [0.89, 1.06]
3 studies · 2190 participants
High