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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

4,710 questions · 14,842 findings · 1,394 reviews

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No studies found 2,880 · 19.4%GRADE not reported 1,413 · 9.5%Very low 3,103 · 20.9%Low 3,870 · 26.1%Moderate 2,663 · 17.9%High 913 · 6.2%

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Zonisamide vs placebo

50% responder rate · people with focal epilepsy

Zonisamide probably leads to higher 50% responder rate (whole treatment period; any dose) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Zonisamide vs placebo

Withdrawal rates ‐ Any dose · people with focal epilepsy

Zonisamide probably leads to higher withdrawal rates (whole treatment period; any dose) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Zonisamide vs placebo

Frequency of adverse effects ‐ dizziness ( · people with focal epilepsy

Zonisamide probably leads to higher adverse effects: dizziness (whole treatment period; any dose) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Zonisamide vs placebo

Adverse effect: fatigue · people with focal epilepsy

Zonisamide probably leads to higher adverse effects: fatigue (whole treatment period; any dose) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Zonisamide vs placebo

Nausea · people with focal epilepsy

Zonisamide probably leads to higher adverse effects: nausea (whole treatment period; any dose) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Zonisamide vs placebo

Somnolence · people with focal epilepsy

Zonisamide probably leads to higher adverse effects: somnolence (whole treatment period; any dose) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Levetiracetam vs placebo

50% or greater reduction in focal seizure frequency (responders) intention to treat– all doses · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy

Levetiracetam probably leads to higher 50% or greater reduction in focal seizure frequency (responders)… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Levetiracetam vs placebo

Somnolence · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy

Levetiracetam probably leads to higher adverse effects: 5 most common adverse effects (any age) – somnolence compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Levetiracetam vs placebo

Adverse effects: headache · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy

Levetiracetam showed no clear difference in adverse effects: 5 most common adverse effects (any age) – headache compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Levetiracetam vs placebo

Adverse effects: 5 most common adverse effects (any age) – dizziness · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy

Levetiracetam showed no clear difference in adverse effects: 5 most common adverse effects (any age) – dizziness compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Levetiracetam vs placebo

Adverse effect: fatigue · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy

Levetiracetam showed no clear difference in adverse effects: 5 most common adverse effects (any age) – fatigue… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Levetiracetam vs placebo

Adverse effects: 5 most common adverse effects (any age) – accidental injury · people with drug‐resistant focal epilepsy

Levetiracetam showed no clear difference in adverse effects: 5 most common adverse effects (any age) –… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin A vs placebo

Incidence: lung cancer · healthy people and healthy male physicians

Vitamin A showed no clear difference in incidence: lung cancer compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin C vs placebo

Incidence: lung cancer ‐ women · healthy male physicians, period: 1997 to 2007 and female health professionals, period: 1998 to 2005

Vitamin C leads to higher incidence: lung cancer ‐ women compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin C vs placebo

Mortality: lung cancer ‐ men · healthy male physicians, period: 1997 to 2007 and female health professionals, period: 1998 to 2005

Vitamin C showed no clear difference in mortality: lung cancer ‐ men compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin C vs placebo

Incidence: all cancers · healthy male physicians, period: 1997 to 2007 and female health professionals, period: 1998 to 2005

Vitamin C showed no clear difference in incidence: all cancers compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin C vs placebo

Mortality: all cancers · healthy male physicians, period: 1997 to 2007 and female health professionals, period: 1998 to 2005

Vitamin C showed no clear difference in mortality: all cancers compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review