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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,325 questions in 216 reviews · Airways
current versionsNo studies 249 · 10.7%Ungraded 107 · 4.6%Very low 276 · 11.9%Low 751 · 32.3%Moderate 718 · 30.9%High 224 · 9.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Antibiotics vs placebo HRQoL, SGRQ (total score) Scale from: 0 to 100. SGRQ comprises responses to 50 items, 0 being the best possible score and 100 the worst. WMD of · Adults (aged 40 or over) with COPD presenting with 1 or more exacerbations in the previous year. The two larger… Prophylactic antibiotic therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 2237 participants | High |
Antibiotics vs placebo All‐cause mortality WMD of · Adults (aged 40 or over) with COPD presenting with 1 or more exacerbations in the previous year. The two larger… Prophylactic antibiotic therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (2018) · Cochrane | OR 0.87 [0.66, 1.15] | 6 studies · 3309 participants | Moderate |
Antibiotics vs placebo Serious adverse events WMD of · Adults (aged 40 or over) with COPD presenting with 1 or more exacerbations in the previous year. The two larger… Prophylactic antibiotic therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (2018) · Cochrane | OR 0.88 [0.74, 1.05] | 9 studies · 2978 participants | Moderate |
Antibiotics vs placebo Any adverse event WMD of · Adults (aged 40 or over) with COPD presenting with 1 or more exacerbations in the previous year. The two larger… Prophylactic antibiotic therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (2018) · Cochrane | OR 1.07 [0.69, 1.67] | 4 studies · 512 participants | Moderate |
Antibiotics vs placebo FEV1 (mL) WMD of · Adults (aged 40 or over) with COPD presenting with 1 or more exacerbations in the previous year. The two larger… Prophylactic antibiotic therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 658 participants | Moderate |
Antibiotics vs placebo Treatment failure within 4 weeks ‐ current drugs only · exacerbations of COPD Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.72 [0.56, 0.94] | 7 studies · 1191 participants | Low |
Antibiotics vs placebo overall Adverse events ‐ overall (any adverse events not specified) · exacerbations of COPD Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2018) · Cochrane | OR 1.2 [0.89, 1.63] | 6 studies · 1544 participants | Moderate |
Antibiotics vs placebo All‐cause mortality · exacerbations of COPD Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2018) · Cochrane | OR 1.27 [0.49, 3.3] | 1 study · 301 participants | Low |
Antibiotics vs placebo Treatment failure within 4 weeks ‐ current drugs only ‐ inpatient · exacerbations of COPD Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.65 [0.38, 1.12] | 4 studies · 576 participants | Moderate |
Antibiotics vs placebo Treatment failure within 4 weeks ‐ drugs not currently used ‐ ICU · exacerbations of COPD Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.19 [0.08, 0.45] | 1 study · 93 participants | Moderate |
Antibiotics vs placebo Duration of hospital stay (days) ‐ inpatients · exacerbations of COPD Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 300 participants | High |
Antibiotics vs placebo Duration of hospital stay (days) ‐ ICU patients · exacerbations of COPD Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 94 participants | Moderate |
Antibiotics vs placebo All‐cause mortality ‐ inpatients · exacerbations of COPD Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2018) · Cochrane | OR 2.48 [0.94, 6.55] | 2 studies · 214 participants | Moderate |
Antibiotics vs placebo All‐cause mortality ‐ ICU patients · exacerbations of COPD Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2018) · Cochrane | OR 0.21 [0.06, 0.72] | 1 study · 93 participants | Moderate |
Antibiotics vs placebo overall Adverse events ‐ diarrhoea · exacerbations of COPD Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2018) · Cochrane | OR 1.68 [0.92, 3.07] | 5 studies · 1099 participants | Moderate |
NMES vs usual care (with or without sham NMES) Peripheral muscle force · COPD Neuromuscular electrostimulation for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 159 participants | Low |
NMES and exercise vs exercise (with or without sham NMES) Peripheral muscle endurance/fatigability · COPD Neuromuscular electrostimulation for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
NMES and exercise vs exercise (with or without sham NMES) Thigh muscle size · COPD Neuromuscular electrostimulation for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
NMES and exercise vs exercise (with or without sham NMES) Exercise capacity · COPD Neuromuscular electrostimulation for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 138 participants | Very low |
NMES and exercise vs exercise (with or without sham NMES) Functional performance · COPD Neuromuscular electrostimulation for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 44 participants | Very low |
NMES and exercise vs exercise (with or without sham NMES) Symptoms of dyspnoea reported on completion of an exercise test · COPD Neuromuscular electrostimulation for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 44 participants | Very low |
NMES and exercise vs exercise (with or without sham NMES) Health‐related quality of life · COPD Neuromuscular electrostimulation for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 122 participants | Very low |
NMES and exercise vs exercise (with or without sham NMES) Minor adverse events assessed: related to intervention only (e.g. redness) · COPD Neuromuscular electrostimulation for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 144 participants | Low |
NMES vs usual care (with or without sham NMES) Peripheral muscle endurance/fatigability · COPD Neuromuscular electrostimulation for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 35 participants | Low |
NMES vs usual care (with or without sham NMES) Thigh muscle size · COPD Neuromuscular electrostimulation for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 124 participants | Low |
NMES vs usual care (with or without sham NMES) Exercise capacity · COPD Neuromuscular electrostimulation for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 72 participants | Low |
NMES vs usual care (with or without sham NMES) Functional performance · COPD Neuromuscular electrostimulation for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
NMES vs usual care (with or without sham NMES) Symptoms of dyspnoea reported on completion of an exercise test · COPD Neuromuscular electrostimulation for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 55 participants | Very low |
NMES vs usual care (with or without sham NMES) Health‐related quality of life · COPD Neuromuscular electrostimulation for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 72 participants | Very low |
NMES vs usual care (with or without sham NMES) Minor adverse events assessed: related to intervention only (e.g. redness) · COPD Neuromuscular electrostimulation for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2018) · Cochrane | RD 0 | 5 studies · 139 participants | Low |
NMES and exercise vs exercise (with or without sham NMES) Peripheral muscle force · COPD Neuromuscular electrostimulation for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 84 participants | Very low |
Cyclophosphamide vs placebo Change in lung function (FVC % predicted) · people with connective tissue disease‐associated interstitial lung disease Cyclophosphamide for connective tissue disease–associated interstitial lung disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 182 participants | Low |
Cyclophosphamide vs mycophenolate Adverse events: pneumonia 12‐month · people with connective tissue disease‐associated interstitial lung disease Cyclophosphamide for connective tissue disease–associated interstitial lung disease (2018) · Cochrane | OR 1.01 [0.48, 2.14] | 2 studies · 300 participants | Low |
Cyclophosphamide vs mycophenolate Adverse events: anaemia 12‐month · people with connective tissue disease‐associated interstitial lung disease Cyclophosphamide for connective tissue disease–associated interstitial lung disease (2018) · Cochrane | OR 1.63 [0.65, 4.11] | 2 studies · 300 participants | Low |
Cyclophosphamide vs mycophenolate Adverse events: thrombocytopenia 12‐month · people with connective tissue disease‐associated interstitial lung disease Cyclophosphamide for connective tissue disease–associated interstitial lung disease (2018) · Cochrane | RD 0.03 [0, 0.06] | 2 studies · 300 participants | Low |
Cyclophosphamide vs mycophenolate Health‐related quality of life (HAQ‐DI) · people with connective tissue disease‐associated interstitial lung disease Cyclophosphamide for connective tissue disease–associated interstitial lung disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 142 participants | Low |
Cyclophosphamide vs mycophenolate All‐cause mortality 12‐month · people with connective tissue disease‐associated interstitial lung disease Cyclophosphamide for connective tissue disease–associated interstitial lung disease (2018) · Cochrane | OR 1.6 [0.65, 3.95] | 2 studies · 187 participants | Low |
Cyclophosphamide vs placebo Change in lung function (diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) % predicted) · people with connective tissue disease‐associated interstitial lung disease Cyclophosphamide for connective tissue disease–associated interstitial lung disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 182 participants | Low |
Cyclophosphamide vs placebo Adverse events: pneumonia 12‐month · people with connective tissue disease‐associated interstitial lung disease Cyclophosphamide for connective tissue disease–associated interstitial lung disease (2018) · Cochrane | OR 1.7 [0.55, 5.32] | 2 studies · 203 participants | Low |
Cyclophosphamide vs placebo Adverse events: haematuria 12‐month · people with connective tissue disease‐associated interstitial lung disease Cyclophosphamide for connective tissue disease–associated interstitial lung disease (2018) · Cochrane | OR 2.6 [1.12, 6.03] | 2 studies · 203 participants | Low |
Cyclophosphamide vs placebo Health‐related quality of life (HAQ‐DI) · people with connective tissue disease‐associated interstitial lung disease Cyclophosphamide for connective tissue disease–associated interstitial lung disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 158 participants | Moderate |
Cyclophosphamide vs placebo All‐cause mortality 12‐month · people with connective tissue disease‐associated interstitial lung disease Cyclophosphamide for connective tissue disease–associated interstitial lung disease (2018) · Cochrane | OR 0.94 [0.19, 4.77] | 2 studies · 179 participants | Low |
Cyclophosphamide vs mycophenolate Change in lung function (FVC % predicted) · people with connective tissue disease‐associated interstitial lung disease Cyclophosphamide for connective tissue disease–associated interstitial lung disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 149 participants | Low |
Cyclophosphamide vs mycophenolate Change in lung function (diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) % predicted) · people with connective tissue disease‐associated interstitial lung disease Cyclophosphamide for connective tissue disease–associated interstitial lung disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 145 participants | Low |
Cyclophosphamide vs mycophenolate Adverse events: leukopenia 12‐month · people with connective tissue disease‐associated interstitial lung disease Cyclophosphamide for connective tissue disease–associated interstitial lung disease (2018) · Cochrane | OR 6.86 [3.23, 14.58] | 2 studies · 300 participants | Low |
Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol vs aclidinium alone Exacerbations requiring steroids or antibiotics or both: number of participants · people with COPD Combined aclidinium bromide and long‐acting beta2‐agonist for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (2018) · Cochrane | OR 0.95 [0.71, 1.27] | 2 studies · 2156 participants | Moderate |
Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol vs formoterol Non‐fatal serious adverse events · people with COPD Combined aclidinium bromide and long‐acting beta2‐agonist for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (2018) · Cochrane | OR 1.15 [0.82, 1.61] | 5 studies · 3140 participants | Moderate |
Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol vs formoterol Hospital admissions due to exacerbations: number of participants · people with COPD Combined aclidinium bromide and long‐acting beta2‐agonist for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (2018) · Cochrane | OR 0.76 [0.45, 1.28] | 3 studies · 2694 participants | Moderate |
Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol vs formoterol Improvement in symptoms: number of participants with clinically significant improvement: using TDI focal score (≥ 1 unit) · people with COPD Combined aclidinium bromide and long‐acting beta2‐agonist for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (2018) · Cochrane | OR 1.3 [1.07, 1.56] | 2 studies · 2010 participants | High |
Fixed‐dose combination aclidinium/formoterol vs formoterol Change in lung function: from baseline in trough FEV1 (L) · people with COPD Combined aclidinium bromide and long‐acting beta2‐agonist for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 2411 participants | High |