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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

2,227 questions · 2,562 findings · 156 reviews · Oral Health

No studies found 297 · 11.6%GRADE not reported 1,616 · 63.1%Very low 405 · 15.8%Low 144 · 5.6%Moderate 81 · 3.2%High 19 · 0.7%

Country-level periodontal disease prevalence (Global Burden of Disease) vs Low vs high periodontal disease prevalence

Oral health-related quality of life · people aged 60 years and older living in the community

OHRQoL did not differ significantly by country-level periodontal disease prevalence; no pooled estimate was reported in the text (ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review

Country-level income (World Bank income classification) vs Higher- vs lower-income country categories

Oral health-related quality of life · people aged 60 years and older living in the community

Community-dwelling older adults in higher-income countries had better OHRQoL than those in lower-income countries (77.9, 95% CI 70.2 to 85.6 vs 66.9, 95% CI 56.7 to 77.0); the difference by income was statistically significant (ungraded).

2 findings from 1 review

Country-level income inequality (Gini index) vs Lower vs higher income inequality categories

Oral health-related quality of life · people aged 60 years and older living in the community

Older adults in countries with relative income equality (low Gini index) had markedly higher OHRQoL (91.3, 95% CI 90.0 to 92.6) than those in less equal countries; the difference by Gini index was statistically significant (ungraded).

4 findings from 1 review
Show 1 more finding

Human Development Index (HDI) vs Higher vs lower HDI categories

Oral health-related quality of life · people aged 60 years and older living in the community

Older adults in higher-HDI countries had better OHRQoL (high 79.9, 95% CI 74.4 to 85.5; very high 78.4, 95% CI 71.1 to 85.8) than those in medium-HDI countries (63.5, 95% CI 54.3 to 72.7); the difference by HDI was statistically significant (ungraded).

3 findings from 1 review

Country-level unemployment rate vs Higher vs lower unemployment-rate categories

Oral health-related quality of life · people aged 60 years and older living in the community

OHRQoL did not differ significantly across country-level unemployment-rate categories; no pooled estimate was reported in the text (ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review

Health expenditure per capita vs Higher vs lower per-capita health expenditure categories

Oral health-related quality of life · people aged 60 years and older living in the community

OHRQoL did not differ significantly across per-capita health-expenditure categories; no pooled estimate was reported in the text (ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review

Country-level edentulism prevalence (Global Burden of Disease) vs Low vs high edentulism prevalence

Oral health-related quality of life · people aged 60 years and older living in the community

OHRQoL did not differ significantly by country-level edentulism prevalence; no pooled estimate was reported in the text (ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review

Out-of-pocket health expenditure vs Lower vs higher out-of-pocket expenditure categories

Oral health-related quality of life · people aged 60 years and older living in the community

Lower out-of-pocket health expenditure was associated with better OHRQoL (83.9, 95% CI 75.2 to 92.6 vs 67.5, 95% CI 58.5 to 76.5); the difference was statistically significant (ungraded).

2 findings from 1 review

Country-level dental caries prevalence (Global Burden of Disease) vs Low vs high dental caries prevalence

Oral health-related quality of life · people aged 60 years and older living in the community

Lower country-level dental caries prevalence was associated with better OHRQoL (low-prevalence pooled mean 81.5, 95% CI 76.5 to 86.6, higher than high-prevalence countries); statistically significant (ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review

Disability (developmental, intellectual, or sensory) vs Persons without disabilities

Oral health-related quality of life · Persons with disabilities (children and adults with autism, Down syndrome, cerebral palsy, hearing impairment, or multiple disabilities)…

Persons with disabilities in Saudi Arabia report poorer overall oral health-related quality of life and greater oral-health impact than those without disabilities, synthesized narratively without a pooled estimate (ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review

Child has a disability (special needs) vs Parents/caregivers of children without disabilities

Parental concern / caregiver stress indices (parental perception and parenting stress about the child's oral health) · Parents/caregivers of children with disabilities (special needs; autism spectrum disorder or unspecified disability) in Saudi Arabia

Parents of children with disabilities in Saudi Arabia report significantly greater concern/stress about their child's oral health than parents of children without disabilities (pooled SMD 0.43, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.63; I2=0%; 3 studies); not GRADE-rated.

1 finding from 1 review

Slum / urban-disadvantaged setting vs Non-slum urban setting

Determinants of oral diseases · Adult residents of slums and non-slum urban settings of LMICs

Older age, lower education and income, poor oral hygiene, and disadvantaged residential setting were associated with oral diseases; directions varied across studies.

1 finding from 1 review

Slum / urban-disadvantaged setting vs Non-slum urban / general-urban / national population

Oral disease burden, slum vs non-slum urban comparison · Adult residents of slums and non-slum urban settings of LMICs

Where compared, oral disease burden is generally higher in slums than non-slum urban/national populations (5 studies; 1 found no difference); ungraded.

1 finding from 1 review

Not applicable (single-group prevalence) vs Not applicable (single-group prevalence)

Poor (inadequate) oral hygiene (prevalence) · Children (<18 years) with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) in India

Poor oral hygiene affects about 38% of children with IDD in India (pooled prevalence 0.38, 95% CI 0.21-0.59; high heterogeneity; ungraded).

1 finding from 1 review

Slum / urban-disadvantaged setting vs Non-slum urban setting

Oral disease prevalence · Adult residents of slums and non-slum urban settings of LMICs

Oral disease prevalence was generally high and worse in slum settings where compared, but no meta-analysis was conducted.

1 finding from 1 review

Slum / urban-disadvantaged setting vs Non-slum urban / general-urban / national population

Self-perceived (self-rated) oral health status · Adult residents of slums and non-slum urban settings of LMICs

Most participants perceive their oral health as satisfactory (one study 39%), more so among younger, male, higher-SES and employed people; ungraded.

1 finding from 1 review

Slum / urban-disadvantaged setting vs Non-slum urban setting

Self-perceived (self-rated) oral health status · Adult residents of slums and non-slum urban settings of LMICs

Most participants reported positive perceptions of oral health, despite observed disease burden.

1 finding from 1 review