What do systematic reviews say?

Any CNTF vs placebo

• Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or motor neuron disease 2004 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 503 participants
  High

Any CNTF vs placebo

Any CNTF showed no clear difference in asthenia compared with placebo (high certainty).

• Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or motor neuron disease 2004 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.02 [0.81, 1.28]
  1 study · 570 participants
  High

Any CNTF vs placebo

Any CNTF showed no clear difference in nausea compared with placebo (high certainty).

• Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or motor neuron disease 2004 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.35 [0.92, 1.99]
  1 study · 570 participants
  High

Any CNTF vs placebo

Any CNTF showed no clear difference in increased salivation compared with placebo (high certainty).

• Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or motor neuron disease 2004 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.08 [0.78, 1.5]
  1 study · 570 participants
  High

Second molar at Nolla developmental stage 6-7 at extraction vs Second molar at later Nolla stages at extraction

One study found mandibular Nolla stage 6-7 associated with better space closure (OR 55.1; single study; not GRADE-rated).

• Spontaneous space closure after extraction of permanent first molars in children and adolescents: a systematic review… 2024 All outcomes

  Until eruption of the permanent second molar (median follow-up 4.0 years) · University clinics and hospitals in 8 countries (children/adolescents <18 years) · Mandible
  OR 55.1 [3.0, at least 100.0]
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

TiO2-modified composite (1 wt.%) vs Control composite in contralateral quadrant

TiO2-modified composite showed no S. mutans difference, with certainty not graded.

• Can Orthodontic Adhesive Systems Inhibit the Formation and Development of White Spot Lesions During Fixed Orthodontic… 2024 All outcomes

  1 to 6 months after bonding · Fixed orthodontic treatment
  No statistically significant difference between the S. mutans populations on the control and test sides at any time point.
  1 study · 40 participants
  GRADE not reported

Started toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste at or before 12 months (earlier start) vs Started after 12 months (later start)

It is very uncertain whether started toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste at or before 12… changes fluorosis (percentage prevalence in permanent teeth) compared with started after 12 months (later start) (very low certainty).

• Topical fluoride as a cause of dental fluorosis in children 2024 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Fluorosis assessed when most permanent teeth of interest had erupted (6 to 18 years)
  OR 0.83 [0.41, 1.67]
  1 study · 134 participants
  Very low
• Topical fluoride as a cause of dental fluorosis in children 2024 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Fluorosis assessed when most permanent teeth of interest had erupted (6 to 18 years)
  RR 0.98 [0.81, 1.18]
  2 studies · 260 participants
  Very low

Started toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste before 4 years (earlier start) vs Started after 4 years (later start)

It is very uncertain whether started toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste before 4 years… changes fluorosis (percentage prevalence in permanent teeth) compared with started after 4 years (later start) (very low certainty).

• Topical fluoride as a cause of dental fluorosis in children 2024 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Fluorosis assessed when most permanent teeth of interest had erupted (6 to 18 years)
  OR 1.60 [0.77, 3.35]
  2 studies · 1484 participants
  Very low

Started toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste before 24 months (earlier start) vs Started after 24 months (later start)

It is very uncertain whether started toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste before 24 months… changes fluorosis (percentage prevalence in permanent teeth) compared with started after 24 months (later start) (very low certainty).

• Topical fluoride as a cause of dental fluorosis in children 2024 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Fluorosis assessed when most permanent teeth of interest had erupted (6 to 18 years)
  OR 2.25 [1.19, 4.23]
  6 studies · 1223 participants
  Very low

Started toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste at or before 24 months (earlier start) vs Started after 24 months (later start)

It is very uncertain whether started toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste at or before 24… changes fluorosis (percentage prevalence in permanent teeth) compared with started after 24 months (later start) (very low certainty).

• Topical fluoride as a cause of dental fluorosis in children 2024 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Fluorosis assessed when most permanent teeth of interest had erupted (6 to 18 years)
  RR 0.83 [0.61, 1.13]
  1 study · 3939 participants
  Very low
• Topical fluoride as a cause of dental fluorosis in children 2024 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Fluorosis assessed when most permanent teeth of interest had erupted (6 to 18 years)
  OR 1.12 [0.89, 1.42]
  5 studies · 3592 participants
  Very low

Started toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste before 12 months (earlier start) vs Started after 12 months (later start)

It is very uncertain whether started toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste before 12 months… changes fluorosis (percentage prevalence in permanent teeth) compared with started after 12 months (later start) (very low certainty).

• Topical fluoride as a cause of dental fluorosis in children 2024 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Fluorosis assessed when most permanent teeth of interest had erupted (6 to 18 years)
  OR 1.22 [0.98, 1.52]
  7 studies · 4329 participants
  Very low

TiO2-modified composite (1 wt.%) vs Control composite in contralateral quadrant

TiO2-modified composite favored lower DIAGNOdent scores, with certainty not graded.

• Can Orthodontic Adhesive Systems Inhibit the Formation and Development of White Spot Lesions During Fixed Orthodontic… 2024 All outcomes

  1 to 6 months after bonding · Fixed orthodontic treatment
  Mean readings were significantly greater on the control side than on the experimental side (p < 0.001) at all time points except at baseline.
  1 study · 40 participants
  GRADE not reported

Hyperbaric oxygen vs control without HBOT

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) showed no clear difference in death at 1 year compared with control without HBOT (low certainty).

• Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for late radiation tissue injury 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.93 [0.47, 1.83]
  3 studies · 166 participants
  Low

Hyperbaric oxygen vs control without HBOT

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) may leads to higher complete or substantial improvement of condition compared with control without HBOT (low certainty).

• Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for late radiation tissue injury 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.39 [1.02, 1.89]
  6 studies · 468 participants
  Low

Hyperbaric oxygen vs control without HBOT

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) leads to higher visual disturbances compared with control without HBOT (high certainty).

• Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for late radiation tissue injury 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 4.03 [1.65, 9.84]
  5 studies · 438 participants
  High

Hyperbaric oxygen vs control without HBOT

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) leads to higher otic barotrauma compared with control without HBOT (high certainty).

• Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for late radiation tissue injury 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 9.08 [2.21, 37.26]
  4 studies · 357 participants
  High

Surgical vs non‐surgical treatment

It is very uncertain whether surgical changes number of participants sustaining recurrent patellar dislocationa compared with non‐surgical treatment (very low certainty).

• Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions for treating patellar dislocation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.55 [0.4, 0.75]
  8 studies · 438 participants
  Very low

Surgical vs non‐surgical treatment

It is very uncertain whether surgical changes knee and physical functiona Measured using the Kujala patellofemoral… compared with non‐surgical treatment (very low certainty).

• Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions for treating patellar dislocation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  MD 5.73
  7 studies · 401 participants
  Very low

Surgical vs non‐surgical treatment

It is very uncertain whether surgical changes adverse effects of treatment Overall incidence of complications compared with non‐surgical treatment (very low certainty).

• Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions for treating patellar dislocation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.21 [0.73, 6.66]
  2 studies · 144 participants
  Very low

Surgical vs non‐surgical treatment

It is very uncertain whether surgical changes patient satisfactiona Reported as 'good' or 'excellent'. compared with non‐surgical treatment (very low certainty).

• Surgical versus non‐surgical interventions for treating patellar dislocation 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.01 [0.74, 1.38]
  3 studies · 176 participants
  Very low