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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Acupressure vs combined control Pain intensity One study used VAS pain score on scale 1 ‐ 100 mm One study used VAS pain score on scale 1 ‐ 10 mm ‐ the mean score of pre‐ and post‐intervention difference in pain perception measured by VAS was taken in three phases, latent, activ... · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 322 participants | Moderate |
Acupressure vs combined control Satisfaction with pain relief ‐ not reported · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Acupressure vs combined control Sense of control in labour ‐ not reported · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Acupressure vs combined control Satisfaction with childbirth · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 212 participants | Very low |
Acupressure vs combined control Use of pharmacological analgesia · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.71, 1.25] | 1 study · 212 participants | Very low |
Acupressure vs combined control Assisted vaginal birth · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.39, 1.67] | 1 study · 212 participants | Very low |
Acupressure vs combined control Caesarean section · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.48 [0.22, 1.04] | 1 study · 212 participants | Very low |
Acupuncture vs sham control Use of pharmacological analgesia · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.63, 0.89] | 2 studies · 261 participants | Moderate |
Acupuncture vs sham control Assisted vaginal birth · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.1 [0.41, 2.97] | 2 studies · 261 participants | Very low |
Acupuncture vs sham control Caesarean section · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.49, 2.48] | 3 studies · 411 participants | Low |
Acupuncture vs usual care Pain intensity · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 495 participants | Very low |
Acupuncture vs usual care Satisfaction with pain relief in labour · pain management in labour Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management during labour (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.07 [0.96, 1.2] | 2 studies · 343 participants | Low |
Intravenous vs intramuscular oxytocin Severe PPH ≥ 1000 mL · women in the 3rd stage of labour undergoing a vaginal birth. Intravenous versus intramuscular prophylactic oxytocin for reducing blood loss in the third stage of labour (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.65 [0.39, 1.08] | 4 studies · 6681 participants | Moderate |
Intravenous vs intramuscular oxytocin Serious maternal morbidity · women in the 3rd stage of labour undergoing a vaginal birth. Intravenous versus intramuscular prophylactic oxytocin for reducing blood loss in the third stage of labour (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.47 [0.22, 1] | 4 studies · 7028 participants | Moderate |
Intravenous vs intramuscular oxytocin Maternal death · women in the 3rd stage of labour undergoing a vaginal birth. Intravenous versus intramuscular prophylactic oxytocin for reducing blood loss in the third stage of labour (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 7028 participants | Very low |
Intravenous vs intramuscular oxytocin PPH ≥ 500 mL · women in the 3rd stage of labour undergoing a vaginal birth. Intravenous versus intramuscular prophylactic oxytocin for reducing blood loss in the third stage of labour (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.66, 0.92] | 6 studies · 7731 participants | High |
Intravenous vs intramuscular oxytocin Use of additional uterotonics · women in the 3rd stage of labour undergoing a vaginal birth. Intravenous versus intramuscular prophylactic oxytocin for reducing blood loss in the third stage of labour (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.49, 1.25] | 6 studies · 7327 participants | Low |
Intravenous vs intramuscular oxytocin Blood transfusion · women in the 3rd stage of labour undergoing a vaginal birth. Intravenous versus intramuscular prophylactic oxytocin for reducing blood loss in the third stage of labour (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.44 [0.26, 0.77] | 4 studies · 6684 participants | High |
Intravenous vs intramuscular oxytocin Hypotension · women in the 3rd stage of labour undergoing a vaginal birth. Intravenous versus intramuscular prophylactic oxytocin for reducing blood loss in the third stage of labour (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.88, 1.15] | 4 studies · 6468 participants | Moderate |
Advance misoprostol distribution/provision to pregnant women for postpartum self‐administration vs usual (or standard) care Severe postpartum haemorrhage · women in the third stage of labour Advance misoprostol distribution to pregnant women for preventing and treating postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 299 participants | Ungraded |
Advance misoprostol distribution/provision to pregnant women for postpartum self‐administration vs usual (or standard) care Serious maternal morbidity · women in the third stage of labour Advance misoprostol distribution to pregnant women for preventing and treating postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 299 participants | Very low |
Advance misoprostol distribution/provision to pregnant women for postpartum self‐administration vs usual (or standard) care Maternal death · women in the third stage of labour Advance misoprostol distribution to pregnant women for preventing and treating postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 299 participants | Very low |
Advance misoprostol distribution/provision to pregnant women for postpartum self‐administration vs usual (or standard) care Blood transfusion · women in the third stage of labour Advance misoprostol distribution to pregnant women for preventing and treating postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 299 participants | Very low |
Advance misoprostol distribution/provision to pregnant women for postpartum self‐administration vs usual (or standard) care Women not using/receiving misoprostol at birth · women in the third stage of labour Advance misoprostol distribution to pregnant women for preventing and treating postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.5 [0.13, 1.95] | 1 study · 299 participants | Very low |
Advance misoprostol distribution/provision to pregnant women for postpartum self‐administration vs usual (or standard) care Inappropriate use (or misuse) of misoprostol · women in the third stage of labour Advance misoprostol distribution to pregnant women for preventing and treating postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | RR 4.97 [0.24, 102.59] | 1 study · 299 participants | Very low |
Advance misoprostol distribution/provision to pregnant women for postpartum self‐administration vs usual (or standard) care Maternal transfer or referral to a health facility · women in the third stage of labour Advance misoprostol distribution to pregnant women for preventing and treating postpartum haemorrhage (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.66 [0.11, 3.91] | 1 study · 299 participants | Very low |
Oral magnesium vs placebo/no treatment Frequency of leg cramps during treatment · treating leg cramps in pregnancy Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 38 participants | Low |
Oral magnesium vs placebo/no treatment Composite outcome: symptoms of leg cramps (intensity and frequency) Complete recovery: no leg cramps after treatment · treating leg cramps in pregnancy Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy (2020) · Cochrane | RR 3 [0.68, 13.2] | 1 study · 42 participants | Very low |
Oral magnesium vs placebo/no treatment Side effects ‐ nausea · treating leg cramps in pregnancy Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.83 [0.75, 4.51] | 1 study · 86 participants | Low |
Oral magnesium vs placebo/no treatment Side effects ‐ diarrhoea · treating leg cramps in pregnancy Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy (2020) · Cochrane | RR 6 [0.75, 47.76] | 1 study · 86 participants | Low |
Oral magnesium vs placebo/no treatment Side effects ‐ any · treating leg cramps in pregnancy Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.36, 2.52] | 1 study · 45 participants | Low |
Oral calcium vs no treatment Frequency of leg cramps after treatment: never · treating leg cramps in pregnancy Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy (2020) · Cochrane | RR 8.59 [1.19, 62.07] | 1 study · 43 participants | Very low |
Oral calcium vs no treatment Frequency of leg cramps after treatment · treating leg cramps in pregnancy Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |
Oral vitamin B vs no treatment Frequency of leg cramps after treatment · treating leg cramps in pregnancy Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Oral calcium vs oral vitamin C Frequency of leg cramps after treatment: never · leg cramps in pregnancy Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.33 [0.53, 3.38] | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Oral magnesium vs placebo/no treatment Frequency of leg cramps after treatment: never · treating leg cramps in pregnancy Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy (2020) · Cochrane | RR 5.66 [1.35, 23.68] | 1 study · 69 participants | Low |
Oral magnesium vs placebo/no treatment Frequency: 50% reduction in number of leg cramps · treating leg cramps in pregnancy Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.42 [1.09, 1.86] | 1 study · 86 participants | Low |
Oral magnesium vs placebo/no treatment Intensity of pain during treatment: mean total scale points The degree of pain was noted in the form, on a scale from 0 to 4 measured over 4 days and nights (0 = no pain, 1 = light pain, 2 = medium pain, 3=strong pain, 4=extreme pain) · treating leg cramps in pregnancy Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 38 participants | Low |
Oral magnesium vs placebo/no treatment Intensity of pain: 50% reduction in pain score 100‐mm visual analogue scale (0 = no pain, 100 = worst pain) · treating leg cramps in pregnancy Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.43 [0.99, 2.06] | 1 study · 86 participants | Very low |
Oral magnesium vs placebo/no treatment Intensity of pain: visual analogue scale 100 mm Visual analogue scale where 0=insignificant and 100 = extremely painful. · treating leg cramps in pregnancy Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 69 participants | Low |
Oral magnesium vs placebo/no treatment Duration of leg cramps: persisting symptoms after night‐time cramps Always · treating leg cramps in pregnancy Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.23 [0.05, 0.98] | 1 study · 69 participants | Low |
Oral magnesium vs placebo/no treatment Duration of leg cramps: persisting symptoms after night‐time cramps Sometimes · treating leg cramps in pregnancy Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.59 [0.19, 1.83] | 1 study · 69 participants | Very low |
Oral magnesium vs placebo/no treatment Composite outcome: symptoms of leg cramps (intensity and frequency) Partial improvement: decrease in intensity and frequency · treating leg cramps in pregnancy Interventions for leg cramps in pregnancy (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.07 [0.71, 1.61] | 1 study · 42 participants | Very low |
Acupuncture or acupressure vs no treatment Abdominal pain · post‐caesarean pain Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 50 participants | Very low |
Acupuncture or acupressure plus analgesia vs placebo plus analgesia Pain at six weeks after discharge · post‐caesarean pain Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Acupuncture or acupressure plus analgesia vs analgesia Pain · post‐caesarean pain Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 130 participants | Low |
Acupuncture or acupressure plus analgesia vs analgesia Pain · post‐caesarean pain Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 130 participants | Low |
Acupuncture or acupressure plus analgesia vs analgesia Adverse effects (pruritus) · post‐caesarean pain Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.5 [0.08, 3.29] | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Acupuncture or acupressure plus analgesia vs analgesia Vital signs · post‐caesarean pain Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Acupuncture or acupressure plus analgesia vs analgesia Rescue analgesic requirement (cumulative dose) · post‐caesarean pain Complementary and alternative therapies for post‐caesarean pain (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |