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Search review questions

Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

Population

Intervention or exposure

Comparison

Outcome

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Field or topic

Source

Review versions

1,852 questions in 128 reviews · Effective Practice and Organisation of Care

current versions

No studies 557 · 30.1%Ungraded 53 · 2.9%Very low 446 · 24.1%Low 476 · 25.7%Moderate 255 · 13.8%High 65 · 3.5%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
Intervention NR Adverse effects · people who use governmental clinical health services that are contracted out to non‐governmental providers Contracting out to improve the use of clinical health services and health outcomes in low‐ and middle‐income… (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Observed adherence to Standard Precautions · nurses and physicians Improving adherence to Standard Precautions for the control of health care‐associated infections (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 4 participants	Low
Intervention NR Observed adherence to Standard Precautions · nursing staff Improving adherence to Standard Precautions for the control of health care‐associated infections (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 99 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Knowledge · nursing staff Improving adherence to Standard Precautions for the control of health care‐associated infections (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Health care‐associated colonisation with MRSA · nursing staff Improving adherence to Standard Precautions for the control of health care‐associated infections (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Observed adherence to Standard Precautions · radiology porters conducting transfers of patients Improving adherence to Standard Precautions for the control of health care‐associated infections (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 11 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Knowledge · radiology porters conducting transfers of patients Improving adherence to Standard Precautions for the control of health care‐associated infections (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Health care‐associated colonisation with MRSA · radiology porters conducting transfers of patients Improving adherence to Standard Precautions for the control of health care‐associated infections (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Knowledge · nurses and physicians Improving adherence to Standard Precautions for the control of health care‐associated infections (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 3 participants	Low
Intervention NR Health care‐associated colonisation with MRSA · nurses and physicians Improving adherence to Standard Precautions for the control of health care‐associated infections (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Observed adherence to Standard Precautions · nurses Improving adherence to Standard Precautions for the control of health care‐associated infections (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 20 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Knowledge · nurses Improving adherence to Standard Precautions for the control of health care‐associated infections (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 20 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Health care‐associated colonisation with MRSA · nurses Improving adherence to Standard Precautions for the control of health care‐associated infections (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Observed adherence to Standard Precautions · staff and residents; healthcare organisations Improving adherence to Standard Precautions for the control of health care‐associated infections (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	44 participants	Low
Intervention NR Knowledge · staff and residents; healthcare organisations Improving adherence to Standard Precautions for the control of health care‐associated infections (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Health care‐associated colonisation with MRSA · staff and residents; healthcare organisations Improving adherence to Standard Precautions for the control of health care‐associated infections (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	32 participants	Moderate
Medication reconciliation interventions vs standard care ≥ 1 medication discrepancy per participant (dichotomous) · all patients (aged > 18 years) at a transition of care Impact of medication reconciliation for improving transitions of care (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.53 [0.42, 0.67]	20 studies · 4629 participants	Very low
Medication reconciliation interventions vs standard care Number of medication discrepancies per participant (continuous) · all patients (aged > 18 years) at a transition of care Impact of medication reconciliation for improving transitions of care (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	4 studies · 1963 participants	Very low
Medication reconciliation interventions vs standard care Discrepancies per participant medication · all patients (aged > 18 years) at a transition of care Impact of medication reconciliation for improving transitions of care (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.13 [0.01, 1.29]	2 studies · 3595 participants	Very low
Medication reconciliation interventions vs standard care PADEs · all patients (aged > 18 years) at a transition of care Impact of medication reconciliation for improving transitions of care (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.37 [0.09, 1.57]	3 studies · 1253 participants	Very low
Medication reconciliation interventions vs standard care ADEs · all patients (aged > 18 years) at a transition of care Impact of medication reconciliation for improving transitions of care (2018) · Cochrane	RR 1.09 [0.91, 1.3]	4 studies · 1363 participants	Low
Medication reconciliation interventions vs standard care Unplanned rehospitalisation · all patients (aged > 18 years) at a transition of care Impact of medication reconciliation for improving transitions of care (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.72 [0.44, 1.18]	5 studies · 1206 participants	Moderate
Medication reconciliation interventions vs standard care Hospital usage (composite measure of ED, rehospitalisation) · all patients (aged > 18 years) at a transition of care Impact of medication reconciliation for improving transitions of care (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.78 [0.5, 1.22]	4 studies · 597 participants	Very low
Summary of findings: e‐learning vs traditional learning Patient outcomes · licensed health professionals (doctors, nurses and allied health professionals fully licensed to practice without… E‐learning for health professionals (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 168 participants	Low
Summary of findings: e‐learning vs traditional learning Health professionals' behaviours · licensed health professionals (doctors, nurses and allied health professionals fully licensed to practice without… E‐learning for health professionals (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 950 participants	Low
Summary of findings: e‐learning vs traditional learning Health professionals' skills · licensed health professionals (doctors, nurses and allied health professionals fully licensed to practice without… E‐learning for health professionals (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	6 studies · 2912 participants	Very low
Summary of findings: e‐learning vs traditional learning Health professionals' knowledge Any · licensed health professionals (doctors, nurses and allied health professionals fully licensed to practice without… E‐learning for health professionals (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	11 studies · 3236 participants	Low
Summary of findings: feedback on medication adherence to physicians vs usual care Medication adherence Percentage of 'days covered' by medication (medication possession ratio), percentage of 'time covered', percentage of non‐adherent patients, 'time‐to‐refill' (i.e. the number of days between the date where the patient was decl... · any physician, and any patient treated for chronic diseases with long‐term medication use Providing physicians with feedback on medication adherence for people with chronic diseases taking long‐term… (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	Low
Summary of findings: feedback on medication adherence to physicians vs usual care Patient outcomes Lipid levels, HbA1C level, HIV viral load, number of major atherosclerosis disease events · any physician, and any patient treated for chronic diseases with long‐term medication use Providing physicians with feedback on medication adherence for people with chronic diseases taking long‐term… (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	Low
Summary of findings: feedback on medication adherence to physicians vs usual care Health resource use Rate of hospitalisations, rate of emergency department encounters, rate of outpatient encounters, rate of oral steroid use · any physician, and any patient treated for chronic diseases with long‐term medication use Providing physicians with feedback on medication adherence for people with chronic diseases taking long‐term… (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	Low
Summary of findings: feedback on medication adherence to physicians vs usual care Processes of care Rate of medication change (medication discontinued, added, replaced), proportion of visits with appropriate management of uncontrolled hypertension, patient rating (quality of care, duration of the visit, communication with physi... · any physician, and any patient treated for chronic diseases with long‐term medication use Providing physicians with feedback on medication adherence for people with chronic diseases taking long‐term… (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	Low
Summary of findings: feedback on medication adherence to physicians vs usual care Adverse events · any physician, and any patient treated for chronic diseases with long‐term medication use Providing physicians with feedback on medication adherence for people with chronic diseases taking long‐term… (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Short‐stay unit hospitalisation vs usual care Mortality at time point closest to 90 days · participants with internal medicine diseases and conditions Hospitalisation in short‐stay units for adults with internal medicine diseases and conditions (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.73 [0.47, 1.15]	1294 participants	Very low
Short‐stay unit hospitalisation vs usual care Serious adverse events at time point closest to 90 days · participants with internal medicine diseases and conditions Hospitalisation in short‐stay units for adults with internal medicine diseases and conditions (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.95 [0.59, 1.54]	1907 participants	Very low
Short‐stay unit hospitalisation vs usual care Quality of life at time point closest to 90 days · participants with internal medicine diseases and conditions Hospitalisation in short‐stay units for adults with internal medicine diseases and conditions (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1029 participants	Very low
Short‐stay unit hospitalisation vs usual care Activities of daily living at time point closest to 90 days · participants with internal medicine diseases and conditions Hospitalisation in short‐stay units for adults with internal medicine diseases and conditions (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	569 participants	Very low
Short‐stay unit hospitalisation vs usual care Hospital readmission at time point closest to 90 days · participants with internal medicine diseases and conditions Hospitalisation in short‐stay units for adults with internal medicine diseases and conditions (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.8 [0.54, 1.19]	1753 participants	Very low
Short‐stay unit hospitalisation vs usual care Non‐serious adverse events at time point closest to 90 days · participants with internal medicine diseases and conditions Hospitalisation in short‐stay units for adults with internal medicine diseases and conditions (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	533 participants	Very low
Short‐stay unit hospitalisation vs usual care Costs at time point closest to 90 days · participants with internal medicine diseases and conditions Hospitalisation in short‐stay units for adults with internal medicine diseases and conditions (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1433 participants	Very low
Patient‐reported health information interventions vs comparisons to improve professional performance Adherence to recommended clinical practice (0‐3 months · general patient population, "at risk" patient population and patient population with a specific condition or disease Patient‐mediated interventions to improve professional practice (2018) · Cochrane	RR 1.59 [1.41, 1.81]	4 studies · 3865 participants	Moderate
Patient information interventions vs comparisons to improve professional performance Undesirable patient health outcomes (0‐12 months · general patient population, "at risk" patient population and patient population with a specific condition or disease Patient‐mediated interventions to improve professional practice (2018) · Cochrane	RR 0.94 [0.53, 1.67]	2 studies · 246 participants	Very low
Patient information interventions vs comparisons to improve professional performance Patient satisfaction Number of satisfied patients (0‐3 months · general patient population, "at risk" patient population and patient population with a specific condition or disease Patient‐mediated interventions to improve professional practice (2018) · Cochrane	RR 1.03 [0.93, 1.13]	1 study · 186 participants	Low
Patient information interventions vs comparisons to improve professional performance Patient satisfaction The degree of satisfaction (on a 1‐10 scale where 10 is highest degree of satisfaction) (0‐3 months · general patient population, "at risk" patient population and patient population with a specific condition or disease Patient‐mediated interventions to improve professional practice (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 186 participants	Low
Patient information interventions vs comparisons to improve professional performance Adverse events · general patient population, "at risk" patient population and patient population with a specific condition or disease Patient‐mediated interventions to improve professional practice (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Patient information interventions vs comparisons to improve professional performance Resource use · general patient population, "at risk" patient population and patient population with a specific condition or disease Patient‐mediated interventions to improve professional practice (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Patient education interventions vs comparisons to improve professional performance Adherence to recommended clinical practice (0‐3 months · general patient population, "at risk" patient population and patient population with a specific condition or disease Patient‐mediated interventions to improve professional practice (2018) · Cochrane	RR 1.31 [1.12, 1.54]	4 studies · 1029 participants	Moderate
Patient education interventions vs comparisons to improve professional performance Desirable patient health outcomes (0‐3 months · general patient population, "at risk" patient population and patient population with a specific condition or disease Patient‐mediated interventions to improve professional practice (2018) · Cochrane	RR 1.09 [0.96, 1.23]	1 study · 500 participants	Low
Patient education interventions vs comparisons to improve professional performance Undesirable patient health outcomes · general patient population, "at risk" patient population and patient population with a specific condition or disease Patient‐mediated interventions to improve professional practice (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Patient education interventions vs comparisons to improve professional performance Patient satisfaction Number of satisfied patients · general patient population, "at risk" patient population and patient population with a specific condition or disease Patient‐mediated interventions to improve professional practice (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Patient education interventions vs comparisons to improve professional performance Patient satisfaction The degree of satisfaction · general patient population, "at risk" patient population and patient population with a specific condition or disease Patient‐mediated interventions to improve professional practice (2018) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies