What do systematic reviews say?

Structured parent involvement vs no intervention

• Non‐pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 653 participants
  Moderate

Structured parent involvement vs no intervention

• Non‐pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 728 participants
  Low

Structured parent involvement vs no intervention

• Non‐pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 854 participants
  Low

Non‐nutritive sucking (NNS) vs no intervention

• Non‐pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 379 participants
  Very low

Non‐nutritive sucking (NNS) vs no intervention

• Non‐pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  7 studies · 318 participants
  Very low

Non‐nutritive sucking (NNS) vs no intervention

• Non‐pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  8 studies · 545 participants
  Very low

Non‐nutritive sucking (NNS) vs no intervention

• Non‐pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  9 studies · 536 participants
  Very low

Non‐nutritive sucking (NNS) vs no intervention

• Non‐pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  9 studies · 507 participants
  Very low

Swaddling vs no intervention

• Non‐pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 468 participants
  Very low

Swaddling vs no intervention

• Non‐pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 204 participants
  Very low

Swaddling vs no intervention

• Non‐pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 304 participants
  Low

Lipid‐lowering agent vs placebo or no treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pharmacological interventions for asymptomatic carotid stenosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Lipid‐lowering agent vs placebo or no treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pharmacological interventions for asymptomatic carotid stenosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Lipid‐lowering agent vs placebo or no treatment

Lipid‐lowering agent showed no clear difference in ipsilateral major or disabling stroke (only reported for two… compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

• Pharmacological interventions for asymptomatic carotid stenosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.36 [0.09, 1.53]
  5 studies · 2235 participants
  Low

Lipid‐lowering agent vs placebo or no treatment

Lipid‐lowering agent showed no clear difference in stroke‐related mortality (only reported for one study: CT scan, MRI… compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

• Pharmacological interventions for asymptomatic carotid stenosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.25 [0.03, 2.29]
  2 studies · 1366 participants
  Low

Lipid‐lowering agent vs placebo or no treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pharmacological interventions for asymptomatic carotid stenosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Lipid‐lowering agent vs placebo or no treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pharmacological interventions for asymptomatic carotid stenosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Lipid‐lowering agent vs placebo or no treatment

Lipid‐lowering agent showed no clear difference in adverse events (only reported for two studies: one study used CT… compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

• Pharmacological interventions for asymptomatic carotid stenosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.76 [0.53, 1.1]
  7 studies · 3726 participants
  Low

Lipid‐lowering agent vs placebo or no treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Pharmacological interventions for asymptomatic carotid stenosis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Betahistine vs placebo/no treatment

It is very uncertain whether betahistine changes improvement in vertigo frequency compared with placebo/no treatment (very low certainty).

• Systemic pharmacological interventions for Ménière’s disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.5 [0.98, 2.29]
  1 study · 70 participants
  Very low
• Systemic pharmacological interventions for Ménière’s disease 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.11 [0.93, 1.32]
  1 study · 62 participants
  Very low