What do systematic reviews say?

Early and late (day 1 to 28 after birth) higher vs lower sodium intake

• Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Early (less than seven days following birth) higher vs lower sodium intake

Early (less than seven days following birth) higher showed no clear difference in mortality (latest time reported up to hospital discharge) compared with lower sodium intake (low certainty).

• Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.02 [0.38, 2.72]
  3 studies · 83 participants
  Low

Early (less than seven days following birth) higher vs lower sodium intake

• Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Early (less than seven days following birth) higher vs lower sodium intake

Early (less than seven days following birth) higher showed no clear difference in hyponatraemia (< 130 mmol/L) compared with lower sodium intake (low certainty).

• Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.68 [0.4, 1.13]
  3 studies · 83 participants
  Low

Early (less than seven days following birth) higher vs lower sodium intake

Early (less than seven days following birth) higher showed no clear difference in hypernatraemia (≥ 150 mmol/L) compared with lower sodium intake (low certainty).

• Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.62 [1, 2.65]
  4 studies · 103 participants
  Low

Early (less than seven days following birth) higher vs lower sodium intake

• Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Early (less than seven days following birth) higher vs lower sodium intake

It is very uncertain whether early (less than seven days following birth) higher changes necrotising enterocolitis compared with lower sodium intake (very low certainty).

• Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 4.6 [0.23, 90.84]
  1 study · 46 participants
  Very low

Early (less than seven days following birth) higher vs lower sodium intake

• Higher versus lower sodium intake for preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Early taxane‐based chemotherapy and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) vs ADT only

Early taxane‐based chemotherapy and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) probably leads to lower time to death due to any cause (absolute effect size estimates based… compared with ADT only (moderate certainty).

• Taxane‐based chemohormonal therapy for metastatic hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 0.77 [0.68, 0.87]
  3 studies · 2261 participants
  Moderate

Early taxane‐based chemotherapy and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) vs ADT only

Early taxane‐based chemotherapy and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) may leads to higher grade III to V adverse events compared with ADT only (low certainty).

• Taxane‐based chemohormonal therapy for metastatic hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.98 [2.19, 4.04]
  1 study · 375 participants
  Low

Early taxane‐based chemotherapy and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) vs ADT only

Early taxane‐based chemotherapy and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) probably leads to lower prostate cancer‐specific death5 compared with ADT only (moderate certainty).

• Taxane‐based chemohormonal therapy for metastatic hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.79 [0.7, 0.89]
  3 studies · 2261 participants
  Moderate

Early taxane‐based chemotherapy and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) vs ADT only

Early taxane‐based chemotherapy and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) probably leads to lower time to progression (absolute effect size estimates based on… compared with ADT only (moderate certainty).

• Taxane‐based chemohormonal therapy for metastatic hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 0.63 [0.56, 0.71]
  3 studies · 2261 participants
  Moderate

Early taxane‐based chemotherapy and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) vs ADT only

Early taxane‐based chemotherapy and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) may leads to higher discontinuation due to adverse events compared with ADT only (low certainty).

• Taxane‐based chemohormonal therapy for metastatic hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 79.41 [4.92, 1282.78]
  1 study · 385 participants
  Low

Early taxane‐based chemotherapy and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) vs ADT only

Early taxane‐based chemotherapy and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) may leads to higher all adverse events compared with ADT only (low certainty).

• Taxane‐based chemohormonal therapy for metastatic hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.11 [1.06, 1.17]
  1 study · 375 participants
  Low

Early taxane‐based chemotherapy and androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) vs ADT only

• Taxane‐based chemohormonal therapy for metastatic hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 790 participants
  Low

Secondary alveolar bone grafting performed at one timing (e.g. early secondary grafting) vs Secondary alveolar bone grafting performed at a different / optimal timing (e.g. late secondary grafting)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Secondary bone grafting for alveolar cleft in children with cleft lip or cleft lip and palate 2011 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Furthermore, no RCTs were found to study the optimal timing ... with secondary bone grafting surgery. This systematic review has not been able to report all the objectives described in the protocol.
  0 studies
  No studies found

Early treatment (two-phase: phase 1 in childhood, phase 2 in adolescence) with functional appliance vs Late treatment (one-phase in adolescence) with functional appliance

Early treatment (two-phase: phase 1 in childhood, phase 2 in… showed no clear difference in self concept compared with late treatment (one-phase in adolescence) with functional appliance; GRADE not reported.

• Orthodontic treatment for prominent upper front teeth (Class II malocclusion) in children and adolescents 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes

  End of orthodontic treatment (phase II)
  MD -0.83 [-3.97, 2.31]
  1 study · 132 participants
  GRADE not reported
• Orthodontic treatment for prominent upper front teeth (Class II malocclusion) in children and adolescents 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes

  End of phase I (growth modification phase)
  MD -3.63 [-7.66, 0.4]
  1 study · 135 participants
  GRADE not reported

Early treatment (two-phase: phase 1 in childhood, phase 2 in adolescence) with functional appliance vs Late treatment (one-phase in adolescence) with functional appliance

Early treatment (two-phase: phase 1 in childhood, phase 2 in… probably leads to lower incidence of new incisal trauma compared with late treatment (one-phase in adolescence) with functional appliance (moderate certainty).

• Orthodontic treatment for prominent upper front teeth (Class II malocclusion) in children and adolescents 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes

  End of orthodontic treatment (phase II)
  OR 0.56 [0.33, 0.95]
  3 studies · 332 participants
  Moderate

Early treatment (two-phase: phase 1 in childhood, phase 2 in adolescence) with functional appliance vs Late treatment (one-phase in adolescence) with functional appliance

Early treatment (two-phase: phase 1 in childhood, phase 2 in… led to lower final overjet compared with late treatment (one-phase in adolescence) with functional appliance; GRADE not reported.

• Orthodontic treatment for prominent upper front teeth (Class II malocclusion) in children and adolescents 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes

  End of phase I (growth modification phase)
  MD -4.17 [-4.61, -3.73]
  3 studies · 432 participants
  GRADE not reported
• Orthodontic treatment for prominent upper front teeth (Class II malocclusion) in children and adolescents 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes

  End of orthodontic treatment (phase II)
  MD 0.21 [-0.1, 0.51]
  3 studies · 343 participants
  Low

Early treatment (two-phase: phase 1 in childhood, phase 2 in adolescence) with functional appliance vs Late treatment (one-phase in adolescence) with functional appliance

Early treatment (two-phase: phase 1 in childhood, phase 2 in… led to lower final ANB compared with late treatment (one-phase in adolescence) with functional appliance; GRADE not reported.

• Orthodontic treatment for prominent upper front teeth (Class II malocclusion) in children and adolescents 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes

  End of phase I (growth modification phase)
  MD -0.89 [-1.38, -0.4]
  3 studies · 419 participants
  GRADE not reported
• Orthodontic treatment for prominent upper front teeth (Class II malocclusion) in children and adolescents 2018 · Cochrane All outcomes

  End of orthodontic treatment (phase II)
  MD -0.02 [-0.47, 0.43]
  3 studies · 347 participants
  Moderate