Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

4,315 questions · 23,557 findings · 2,311 reviews

No studies found 4,183 · 17.8%GRADE not reported 3,930 · 16.7%Very low 5,371 · 22.8%Low 5,787 · 24.6%Moderate 3,320 · 14.1%High 966 · 4.1%

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Summary of findings table ‐ immunostimulant vs placebo

Participants with no exacerbations in study period · adults with chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Summary of findings table ‐ immunostimulant probably leads to higher number of participants with no exacerbations during the study period compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ immunostimulant vs placebo

Mortality (all‐cause) · adults with chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Summary of findings table ‐ immunostimulant showed no clear difference in mortality (all‐cause) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ immunostimulant vs placebo

Respiratory‐related mortality · adults with chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Summary of findings table ‐ immunostimulant showed no clear difference in mortality (respiratory‐related) compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ immunostimulant vs placebo

Number of participants requiring antibiotics · adults with chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Summary of findings table ‐ immunostimulant probably leads to lower number of participants requiring antibiotics compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ immunostimulant vs placebo

Side effects or other adverse events · adults with chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Summary of findings table ‐ immunostimulant showed no clear difference in adverse events/side effects compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Neutral / cushioned vs minimalist running shoes

Number of runners sustaining a lower‐limb running injurya ( · healthy adults participating in recreational running

Neutral / cushioned showed no clear difference in number of runners sustaining a lower‐limb running injurya ( compared with minimalist running shoes (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review