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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,353 questions in 210 reviews · Neonatal
current versionsNo studies 432 · 18.4%Ungraded 99 · 4.2%Very low 609 · 25.9%Low 737 · 31.3%Moderate 385 · 16.4%High 91 · 3.9%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Sunlight (with or without filters or amplification) vs other sources of phototherapy Hyperthermia while receiving sunlight or conventional phototherapyg · infants with confirmed hyperbilirubinemia Sunlight for the prevention and treatment of hyperbilirubinemia in term and late preterm neonates (2021) · Cochrane | RR 4.39 [2.98, 6.47] | 2 studies · 621 participants | Moderate |
Sunlight (with or without filters or amplification) vs other sources of phototherapy Deathc · infants with confirmed hyperbilirubinemia Sunlight for the prevention and treatment of hyperbilirubinemia in term and late preterm neonates (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0 | 1 study · 447 participants | Low |
Sunlight (with or without filters or amplification) vs other sources of phototherapy Proportion of days of effective treatmenti · infants with confirmed hyperbilirubinemia Sunlight for the prevention and treatment of hyperbilirubinemia in term and late preterm neonates (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.97, 1.06] | 2 studies · 621 participants | Very low |
Sunlight (with or without filters or amplification) vs other sources of phototherapy Hypothermia while receiving sunlight or conventional phototherapyk · infants with confirmed hyperbilirubinemia Sunlight for the prevention and treatment of hyperbilirubinemia in term and late preterm neonates (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.55, 2.03] | 2 studies · 621 participants | Moderate |
Sunlight (with or without filters or amplification) vs no treatment Use of conventional phototherapy, if sunlight (with or without filters or amplification) was first used for prevention or early treatmentc · term and late preterm neonates Sunlight for the prevention and treatment of hyperbilirubinemia in term and late preterm neonates (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Sunlight (with or without filters or amplification) vs no treatment Treatment failure requiring exchange transfusionc,d · term and late preterm neonates Sunlight for the prevention and treatment of hyperbilirubinemia in term and late preterm neonates (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Sunlight (with or without filters or amplification) vs no treatment Acute bilirubin encephalopathyc,e · term and late preterm neonates Sunlight for the prevention and treatment of hyperbilirubinemia in term and late preterm neonates (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Sunlight (with or without filters or amplification) vs no treatment Deathc · term and late preterm neonates Sunlight for the prevention and treatment of hyperbilirubinemia in term and late preterm neonates (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Sunlight (with or without filters or amplification) vs no treatment Rate of rehospitalization within 7 days of discharge for treatment for hyperbilirubinemia · term and late preterm neonates Sunlight for the prevention and treatment of hyperbilirubinemia in term and late preterm neonates (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.55 [0.27, 1.11] | 1 study · 482 participants | Very low |
Sunlight (with or without filters or amplification) vs no treatment Incidence of jaundice in participantsg · term and late preterm neonates Sunlight for the prevention and treatment of hyperbilirubinemia in term and late preterm neonates (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.61 [0.45, 0.82] | 1 study · 482 participants | Very low |
Sunlight (with or without filters or amplification) vs no treatment Duration of jaundice (days) · term and late preterm neonates Sunlight for the prevention and treatment of hyperbilirubinemia in term and late preterm neonates (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 482 participants | Very low |
Sunlight (with or without filters or amplification) vs other sources of phototherapy Outcomesa · infants with confirmed hyperbilirubinemia Sunlight for the prevention and treatment of hyperbilirubinemia in term and late preterm neonates (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) vs intermittent modalities Cerebral palsy ‐ not reported · infants at risk of hypoglycaemia or hyperglycaemia Continuous glucose monitoring for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) vs intermittent modalities Significant mental developmental delay ‐ not reported · infants at risk of hypoglycaemia or hyperglycaemia Continuous glucose monitoring for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) vs intermittent modalities Legal blindness ‐ not reported · infants at risk of hypoglycaemia or hyperglycaemia Continuous glucose monitoring for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) vs intermittent modalities Hearing deficit ‐ not reported · infants at risk of hypoglycaemia or hyperglycaemia Continuous glucose monitoring for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) vs intermittent modalities Neurodevelopmental impairment ‐ not reported · infants at risk of hypoglycaemia or hyperglycaemia Continuous glucose monitoring for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) vs intermittent modalities Death during initial hospitalization (all‐cause mortality) · infants at risk of hypoglycaemia or hyperglycaemia Continuous glucose monitoring for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.59 [0.16, 2.13] | 2 studies · 230 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) vs intermittent modalities Neonatal seizures ‐ not reported · infants at risk of hypoglycaemia or hyperglycaemia Continuous glucose monitoring for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Opioids vs placebo or no treatment Pain (PIPP) ‐ time window: ≥ 12 and < 48 hours after infusion · neonates receiving mechanical ventilation Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 963 participants | Very low |
Opioids vs other analgesics and sedatives Neonatal mortality · neonates receiving mechanical ventilation Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.31 [0.01, 7.16] | 1 study · 46 participants | Very low |
Opioids vs other analgesics and sedatives Mortality before discharge · neonates receiving mechanical ventilation Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Opioids vs other analgesics and sedatives Neurodevelopmental outcomes (18 to 24 months) · neonates receiving mechanical ventilation Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Opioids vs other analgesics and sedatives Neurodevelopmental outcomes (3 to 5 years) · neonates receiving mechanical ventilation Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Opioids vs other analgesics and sedatives Neurodevelopmental outcomes (5 to 6 years) · neonates receiving mechanical ventilation Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Morphine vs fentanyl Pain (PIPP) · neonates receiving mechanical ventilation Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Morphine vs fentanyl Duration of mechanical ventilation (days) · neonates receiving mechanical ventilation Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Morphine vs fentanyl Neonatal mortality · neonates receiving mechanical ventilation Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Morphine vs fentanyl Mortality to discharge · neonates receiving mechanical ventilation Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.21 [0.43, 3.45] | 1 study · 163 participants | Very low |
Morphine vs fentanyl Neurodevelopmental outcomes (18 to 24 months)Â · neonates receiving mechanical ventilation Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Opioids vs placebo or no treatment Duration of mechanical ventilation (days) · neonates receiving mechanical ventilation Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 1259 participants | Moderate |
Morphine vs fentanyl Neurodevelopmental outcomes (3 to 5 years) · neonates receiving mechanical ventilation Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Morphine vs fentanyl Neurodevelopmental outcomes (5 to 6 years) · neonates receiving mechanical ventilation Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Morphine vs diamorphine Pain (PIPP)Â · neonates receiving mechanical ventilation Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Morphine vs diamorphine Duration of mechanical ventilation (days) · neonates receiving mechanical ventilation Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Morphine vs diamorphine Neonatal mortality · neonates receiving mechanical ventilation Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.17 [0.43, 3.19] | 1 study · 88 participants | Very low |
Morphine vs diamorphine Mortality before discharge · neonates receiving mechanical ventilation Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Morphine vs diamorphine Neurodevelopmental outcomes (18 to 24 months) · neonates receiving mechanical ventilation Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Morphine vs diamorphine Neurodevelopmental outcomes (3 to 5 years) · neonates receiving mechanical ventilation Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Morphine vs diamorphine Neurodevelopmental outcomes (5 to 6 years) · neonates receiving mechanical ventilation Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Fentanyl vs sufentanil Pain (PIPP) · neonates receiving mechanical ventilation Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Opioids vs placebo or no treatment Neonatal mortality · neonates receiving mechanical ventilation Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.8, 1.55] | 5 studies · 1189 participants | Moderate |
Fentanyl vs sufentanil Duration of mechanical ventilation (days) · neonates receiving mechanical ventilation Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Fentanyl vs sufentanil Neonatal mortality · neonates receiving mechanical ventilation Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Fentanyl vs sufentanil Mortality before discharge · neonates receiving mechanical ventilation Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Fentanyl vs sufentanil Neurodevelopmental outcomes (18 to 24 months) · neonates receiving mechanical ventilation Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Fentanyl vs sufentanil Neurodevelopmental outcomes (3 to 5 years) · neonates receiving mechanical ventilation Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Fentanyl vs sufentanil Neurodevelopmental outcomes (5 to 6 years) · neonates receiving mechanical ventilation Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Fentanyl vs sufentanil Not estimable · neonates receiving mechanical ventilation Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 95 participants | Ungraded |
Fentanyl vs remifentanil Pain (PIPP) · neonates receiving mechanical ventilation Opioids for newborn infants receiving mechanical ventilation (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |