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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,050 questions in 42 reviews · Incontinence
current versionsNo studies 391 · 37.2%Ungraded 82 · 7.8%Very low 199 · 19%Low 206 · 19.6%Moderate 150 · 14.3%High 22 · 2.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Urodynamics vs clinical management Number with incontinence after first year (subjective) · patients with management of urinary incontinence in children and adults Urodynamic studies for management of urinary incontinence in children and adults (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.86, 1.21] | 4 studies · 802 participants | High |
Urodynamics vs clinical management Number treated with surgery · patients with management of urinary incontinence in children and adults Urodynamic studies for management of urinary incontinence in children and adults (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.88, 1.12] | 5 studies · 982 participants | Moderate |
Urodynamics vs clinical management Number not satisfied with treatment · patients with management of urinary incontinence in children and adults Urodynamic studies for management of urinary incontinence in children and adults (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.55, 1.49] | 2 studies · 644 participants | Low |
Urodynamics vs clinical management Number whose treatment was changed after urodynamics · patients with management of urinary incontinence in children and adults Urodynamic studies for management of urinary incontinence in children and adults (2013) · Cochrane | RR 5.07 [1.87, 13.74] | 3 studies · 272 participants | Low |
Urodynamics vs clinical management Incidence of urinary tract infection associated with urodynamics ‐ not reported · patients with management of urinary incontinence in children and adults Urodynamic studies for management of urinary incontinence in children and adults (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Urodynamics vs clinical management Quality of life measures following treatment after urodynamics Health status measures ‐ General health King's QoL scores at 6 months · patients with management of urinary incontinence in children and adults Urodynamic studies for management of urinary incontinence in children and adults (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 75 participants | Moderate |
Urodynamics vs clinical management Health economics measure ‐ not reported · patients with management of urinary incontinence in children and adults Urodynamic studies for management of urinary incontinence in children and adults (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oestrogen vs placebo or no treatment Incontinence not improved (generic inverse variance) (women's observations) ‐ Systemic administration (any incontinence) · patients with urinary incontinence in post‐menopausal women Oestrogen therapy for urinary incontinence in post‐menopausal women (2012) · Cochrane | RR 1.32 [1.17, 1.48] | 6 studies · 6151 participants | Low |
Oestrogen + other treatments vs placebo Incontinent episodes over 24 hours ‐ oestrogen + progesterone vs placebo · patients with urinary incontinence in post‐menopausal women Oestrogen therapy for urinary incontinence in post‐menopausal women (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 83 participants | Moderate |
Oestrogen + other treatments vs placebo Incontinence not improved (generic inverse variance) (women's observation) ‐ oestrogen + other treatments versus placebo · patients with urinary incontinence in post‐menopausal women Oestrogen therapy for urinary incontinence in post‐menopausal women (2012) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [1.04, 1.18] | 3 studies · 10635 participants | Moderate |
Oestrogen + other treatments vs placebo Number with incontinence not improved (women's observations) ‐ oestrogen + progesterone vs placebo (Copy) · patients with urinary incontinence in post‐menopausal women Oestrogen therapy for urinary incontinence in post‐menopausal women (2012) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [1.01, 1.16] | 2 studies · 1514 participants | High |
Oestrogen vs placebo or no treatment Incontinence not improved (generic inverse variance) (women's observations) ‐ Local administration (any incontinence) · patients with urinary incontinence in post‐menopausal women Oestrogen therapy for urinary incontinence in post‐menopausal women (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.74 [0.64, 0.86] | 4 studies · 213 participants | Very low |
Oestrogen vs placebo or no treatment Incontinent episodes over 24 hours ‐ Systemic administration · patients with urinary incontinence in post‐menopausal women Oestrogen therapy for urinary incontinence in post‐menopausal women (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 82 participants | Low |
Oestrogen vs placebo or no treatment Number of women with urgency ‐ Systemic administration · patients with urinary incontinence in post‐menopausal women Oestrogen therapy for urinary incontinence in post‐menopausal women (2012) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.83, 1.33] | 2 studies · 89 participants | Moderate |
Oestrogen vs placebo or no treatment Number of women with urgency ‐ Local administration · patients with urinary incontinence in post‐menopausal women Oestrogen therapy for urinary incontinence in post‐menopausal women (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.38 [0.15, 0.99] | 2 studies · 90 participants | Moderate |
Oestrogen vs placebo or no treatment Number with adverse effects ‐ Systemic administration · patients with urinary incontinence in post‐menopausal women Oestrogen therapy for urinary incontinence in post‐menopausal women (2012) · Cochrane | RR 13 [1.87, 90.21] | 1 study · 40 participants | Low |
Oestrogen vs placebo or no treatment Number with adverse effects ‐ Local administration · patients with urinary incontinence in post‐menopausal women Oestrogen therapy for urinary incontinence in post‐menopausal women (2012) · Cochrane | RR 1.33 [0.32, 5.61] | 2 studies · 144 participants | Moderate |
Oestrogen vs other treatments Number with incontinence not improved (women's observations) ‐ Oestrogen vs PPA · patients with urinary incontinence in post‐menopausal women Oestrogen therapy for urinary incontinence in post‐menopausal women (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.63, 1.09] | 2 studies · 57 participants | Moderate |
Oestrogen vs other treatments Adverse effects ‐ oestrogen vs PPA · patients with urinary incontinence in post‐menopausal women Oestrogen therapy for urinary incontinence in post‐menopausal women (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 30 participants | Low |
Silver alloyed catheter vs silicone catheter urinary tract infections Bacterial biofilm on the surfaces of catheters. UTI was defined as uropathogenic colonisation of urinary catheter. · patients with long‐term bladder drainage in adults Types of indwelling urinary catheters for long‐term bladder drainage in adults (2012) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.83, 1.2] | 1 study · 20 participants | Low |
Latex catheter vs PVC catheter urethral stricture procedure not specified · patients with long‐term bladder drainage in adults Types of indwelling urinary catheters for long‐term bladder drainage in adults (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.02, 7.02] | 1 study · 14 participants | Moderate |
Latex catheter vs PVC catheter Concrement on the catheter (wet weight) gram. Scale from: ‐1 to 1. · patients with long‐term bladder drainage in adults Types of indwelling urinary catheters for long‐term bladder drainage in adults (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 14 participants | Moderate |
Latex catheter vs PVC catheter Concrement on the catheter (dry weight) gram. Scale from: ‐ 1 to 1. · patients with long‐term bladder drainage in adults Types of indwelling urinary catheters for long‐term bladder drainage in adults (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 14 participants | Moderate |
Latex catheter vs PVC catheter Number with marked local irritation procedure not specified · patients with long‐term bladder drainage in adults Types of indwelling urinary catheters for long‐term bladder drainage in adults (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.2 [0.01, 3.54] | 1 study · 14 participants | Moderate |
Latex catheter vs silicone catheter urinary tract infections procedure not specified · patients with long‐term bladder drainage in adults Types of indwelling urinary catheters for long‐term bladder drainage in adults (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 14 participants | Moderate |
Latex catheter vs silicone catheter retaining catheter for less than 6 weeks procedure not specified · patients with long‐term bladder drainage in adults Types of indwelling urinary catheters for long‐term bladder drainage in adults (2012) · Cochrane | RR 1.25 [0.56, 2.77] | 1 study · 14 participants | Moderate |
Latex catheter vs silicone catheter pain, bleeding or purulent discharge procedure not specified · patients with long‐term bladder drainage in adults Types of indwelling urinary catheters for long‐term bladder drainage in adults (2012) · Cochrane | RR 2 [0.23, 17.34] | 1 study · 14 participants | Moderate |
Latex catheter vs silicone catheter urethral stricture procedure not specified · patients with long‐term bladder drainage in adults Types of indwelling urinary catheters for long‐term bladder drainage in adults (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 14 participants | Moderate |
Latex catheter vs silicone catheter Concrement on the catheter (wet weight) gram. Scale from: ‐1 to 1. · patients with long‐term bladder drainage in adults Types of indwelling urinary catheters for long‐term bladder drainage in adults (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 14 participants | Moderate |
Latex catheter vs silicone catheter Concrement on the catheter (dry weight) gram. Scale from: ‐1 to 1. · patients with long‐term bladder drainage in adults Types of indwelling urinary catheters for long‐term bladder drainage in adults (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 14 participants | Moderate |
Silver alloyed catheter vs silicone catheter leakage of urine Questionnaire (?) · patients with long‐term bladder drainage in adults Types of indwelling urinary catheters for long‐term bladder drainage in adults (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.57 [0.24, 1.35] | 1 study · 20 participants | Low |
Latex catheter vs silicone catheter marked local irritation procedure not specified · patients with long‐term bladder drainage in adults Types of indwelling urinary catheters for long‐term bladder drainage in adults (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 14 participants | Moderate |
PVC catheter vs silicone catheter urinary tract infections procedure not specified · patients with long‐term bladder drainage in adults Types of indwelling urinary catheters for long‐term bladder drainage in adults (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 14 participants | Moderate |
PVC catheter vs silicone catheter retaining catheter for less than 6 weeks procedure not specified · patients with long‐term bladder drainage in adults Types of indwelling urinary catheters for long‐term bladder drainage in adults (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0 [0.01, 1.74] | 1 study · 14 participants | Moderate |
PVC catheter vs silicone catheter pain, bleeding or purulent discharge · patients with long‐term bladder drainage in adults Types of indwelling urinary catheters for long‐term bladder drainage in adults (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.02, 7.02] | 1 study · 14 participants | Moderate |
PVC catheter vs silicone catheter urethral stricture procedure not specified · patients with long‐term bladder drainage in adults Types of indwelling urinary catheters for long‐term bladder drainage in adults (2012) · Cochrane | RR 3 [0.14, 63.15] | 1 study · 14 participants | Moderate |
PVC catheter vs silicone catheter Concrement on the catheter (wet weight) gram. Scale from: ‐1 to 1. · patients with long‐term bladder drainage in adults Types of indwelling urinary catheters for long‐term bladder drainage in adults (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 14 participants | Moderate |
PVC catheter vs silicone catheter Concrement on the catheter (dry weight) gram. Scale from: ‐1 to 1. · patients with long‐term bladder drainage in adults Types of indwelling urinary catheters for long‐term bladder drainage in adults (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 14 participants | Moderate |
PVC catheter vs silicone catheter marked local irritation procedure not specified · patients with long‐term bladder drainage in adults Types of indwelling urinary catheters for long‐term bladder drainage in adults (2012) · Cochrane | RR 5 [0.28, 88.53] | 1 study · 14 participants | Moderate |
Hydrogel coated latex catheter vs silicone catheter urinary tract infections procedure not specified · patients with long‐term bladder drainage in adults Types of indwelling urinary catheters for long‐term bladder drainage in adults (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 69 participants | Low |
Hydrogel coated latex catheter vs silicone catheter retaining catheter for less than 16 weeks procedure not specified · patients with long‐term bladder drainage in adults Types of indwelling urinary catheters for long‐term bladder drainage in adults (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.41 [0.22, 0.77] | 1 study · 69 participants | Low |
Silver alloyed catheter vs silicone catheter urethral pain/discomfort Questionnaire (?) · patients with long‐term bladder drainage in adults Types of indwelling urinary catheters for long‐term bladder drainage in adults (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.25 [0.03, 1.86] | 1 study · 20 participants | Low |
Hydrogel coated latex catheter vs silicone catheter participants not satisfied questionnaire · patients with long‐term bladder drainage in adults Types of indwelling urinary catheters for long‐term bladder drainage in adults (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.68 [0.49, 0.95] | 1 study · 69 participants | Low |
Hydrogel coated latex catheter vs silicone catheter Time catheter remained in situ days · patients with long‐term bladder drainage in adults Types of indwelling urinary catheters for long‐term bladder drainage in adults (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 69 participants | Low |
Silver alloyed catheter vs silicone catheter residual urine sensation Questionnaire (?) · patients with long‐term bladder drainage in adults Types of indwelling urinary catheters for long‐term bladder drainage in adults (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.4 [0.1, 1.6] | 1 study · 20 participants | Low |
Silver alloyed catheter vs silicone catheter pain when removing the catheter Questionnnaire (?) · patients with long‐term bladder drainage in adults Types of indwelling urinary catheters for long‐term bladder drainage in adults (2012) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.17, 5.77] | 1 study · 20 participants | Low |
Silver alloyed catheter vs silicone catheter with turbid urine Questionnaire · patients with long‐term bladder drainage in adults Types of indwelling urinary catheters for long‐term bladder drainage in adults (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.25 [0.03, 1.86] | 1 study · 20 participants | Low |
Latex catheter vs PVC catheter urinary tract infections procedure not specified · patients with long‐term bladder drainage in adults Types of indwelling urinary catheters for long‐term bladder drainage in adults (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 14 participants | Moderate |
Latex catheter vs PVC catheter retaining catheter for less than 6 weeks procedure not specified · patients with long‐term bladder drainage in adults Types of indwelling urinary catheters for long‐term bladder drainage in adults (2012) · Cochrane | RR 11 [0.72, 167.68] | 1 study · 14 participants | Moderate |
Latex catheter vs PVC catheter pain, bleeding or purulent discharge procedure not specified · patients with long‐term bladder drainage in adults Types of indwelling urinary catheters for long‐term bladder drainage in adults (2012) · Cochrane | RR 5 [0.28, 88.53] | 1 study · 14 participants | Moderate |