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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,206 questions in 117 reviews · Common Mental Disorders
current versionsNo studies 387 · 17.5%Ungraded 111 · 5%Very low 635 · 28.8%Low 568 · 25.7%Moderate 449 · 20.4%High 56 · 2.5%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Any early psychological intervention vs waiting list/usual care PTSD diagnosis: 7–12 months · various Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.2, 4.49] | 1 study · 132 participants | Very low |
Any early psychological intervention vs waiting list/usual care Dropouts from treatment · various Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.34 [0.91, 1.95] | 11 studies · 1154 participants | Low |
Any early psychological intervention vs waiting list/usual care Severity of PTSD symptoms: 3–6 months · various Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 15 studies · 1921 participants | Low |
Any early psychological intervention vs waiting list/usual care Severity of depressive symptoms: 3–6 months · various Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 1009 participants | Low |
Any early psychological intervention vs waiting list/usual care Severity of anxiety symptoms: 3–6 months · various Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 945 participants | Low |
Any early psychological intervention vs active control condition Dropouts from treatment · various Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.61 [1.11, 2.34] | 2 studies · 425 participants | Low |
Any early psychological intervention vs active control condition Severity of PTSD symptoms: 3–6 months · various Multiple session early psychological interventions for the prevention of post‐traumatic stress disorder (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 465 participants | Low |
Switching to mianserin (60 mg/d) vs continuing on current antidepressant (fluoxetine 20 mg/d) Depressive symptoms (HAM‐D) Scale from: 0 to 54 (worse) · treatment‐resistant depression in adults Pharmacological interventions for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 71 participants | Low |
Augmentation of current antidepressant (fluoxetine 20 mg/d) with mianserin (60 mg/d) vs augmentation of current antidepressant (fluoxetine 20 mg/d) with placebo Quality of life ‐ not measured · treatment‐resistant depression in adults Pharmacological interventions for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Augmentation of current antidepressant (SSRI/SNRI) with mirtazapine (30 mg/d) vs augmentation of current antidepressant (SSRI/SNRI) therapy with placebo Depressive symptoms (BDI‐II) Scale from: 0 to 64 (worse) · treatment‐resistant depression in adults Pharmacological interventions for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 431 participants | High |
Augmentation of current antidepressant (SSRI/SNRI) with mirtazapine (30 mg/d) vs augmentation of current antidepressant (SSRI/SNRI) therapy with placebo Dropouts · treatment‐resistant depression in adults Pharmacological interventions for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.5 [0.15, 1.62] | 1 study · 480 participants | High |
Augmentation of current antidepressant (SSRI/SNRI) with mirtazapine (30 mg/d) vs augmentation of current antidepressant (SSRI/SNRI) therapy with placebo Response (≥ 50% improvement in BDI‐II score) · treatment‐resistant depression in adults Pharmacological interventions for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.22 [0.97, 1.54] | 1 study · 431 participants | High |
Augmentation of current antidepressant (SSRI/SNRI) with mirtazapine (30 mg/d) vs augmentation of current antidepressant (SSRI/SNRI) therapy with placebo Remission (BDI‐II total score ≤ 9) · treatment‐resistant depression in adults Pharmacological interventions for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.21 [0.88, 1.65] | 1 study · 431 participants | High |
Augmentation of current antidepressant (SSRI/SNRI) with mirtazapine (30 mg/d) vs augmentation of current antidepressant (SSRI/SNRI) therapy with placebo Quality of life (EQ‐5D‐5L) ‐ 12 weeks · treatment‐resistant depression in adults Pharmacological interventions for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 447 participants | High |
Augmentation of current antidepressant (SSRI) with busiprone (20 mg/d to 60 mg/d) vs augmentation of current antidepressant (SSRI) with placebo Depressive symptoms (MADRS) Scale from: 0 to 60 (worse) · treatment‐resistant depression in adults Pharmacological interventions for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 102 participants | Low |
Augmentation of current antidepressant (SSRI) with busiprone (20 mg/d to 60 mg/d) vs augmentation of current antidepressant (SSRI) with placebo Dropouts · treatment‐resistant depression in adults Pharmacological interventions for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.23, 1.53] | 1 study · 108 participants | Low |
Augmentation of current antidepressant (SSRI) with busiprone (20 mg/d to 60 mg/d) vs augmentation of current antidepressant (SSRI) with placebo Response to treatment ‐ not measured · treatment‐resistant depression in adults Pharmacological interventions for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Augmentation of current antidepressant (SSRI) with busiprone (20 mg/d to 60 mg/d) vs augmentation of current antidepressant (SSRI) with placebo Remission ‐ not measured · treatment‐resistant depression in adults Pharmacological interventions for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Switching to mianserin (60 mg/d) vs continuing on current antidepressant (fluoxetine 20 mg/d) Dropouts · treatment‐resistant depression in adults Pharmacological interventions for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2019) · Cochrane | RR 2.08 [0.94, 4.59] | 1 study · 72 participants | Low |
Augmentation of current antidepressant (SSRI) with busiprone (20 mg/d to 60 mg/d) vs augmentation of current antidepressant (SSRI) with placebo Quality of life ‐ not measured · treatment‐resistant depression in adults Pharmacological interventions for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Augmentation of current antidepressant (various) with cariprazine (1 mg/d to 4.5 mg/d) vs augmentation of current antidepressant (various) with placebo Depressive symptoms (MADRS) ‐ Any dose Scale from: 0 to 60 (worse) · treatment‐resistant depression in adults Pharmacological interventions for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 808 participants | High |
Augmentation of current antidepressant (various) with cariprazine (1 mg/d to 4.5 mg/d) vs augmentation of current antidepressant (various) with placebo Dropouts ‐ any dose · treatment‐resistant depression in adults Pharmacological interventions for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.68 [1.16, 2.41] | 1 study · 821 participants | Moderate |
Augmentation of current antidepressant (various) with cariprazine (1 mg/d to 4.5 mg/d) vs augmentation of current antidepressant (various) with placebo Response (≥ 50% improvement in MADRS score) ‐ any dose · treatment‐resistant depression in adults Pharmacological interventions for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.27 [1.07, 1.52] | 1 study · 808 participants | Moderate |
Augmentation of current antidepressant (various) with cariprazine (1 mg/d to 4.5 mg/d) vs augmentation of current antidepressant (various) with placebo Remission (MADRS total score ≤ 10) ‐ any dose · treatment‐resistant depression in adults Pharmacological interventions for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.07 [0.86, 1.33] | 1 study · 808 participants | Moderate |
Augmentation of current antidepressant (various) with cariprazine (1 mg/d to 4.5 mg/d) vs augmentation of current antidepressant (various) with placebo Quality of life ‐ not measured · treatment‐resistant depression in adults Pharmacological interventions for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Augmentation of current antidepressant (fluoxetine 20 mg/d to 60 mg/d) with olanzapine (5 mg/d to 20 mg/d) vs augmentation of current antidepressant (fluoxetine 20 mg/d to 60 mg/d) with placebo Depressive symptoms (HAM‐D) Scale from: 0 to 52 (worse) · treatment‐resistant depression in adults Pharmacological interventions for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Low |
Augmentation of current antidepressant (fluoxetine 20 mg/d to 60 mg/d) with olanzapine (5 mg/d to 20 mg/d) vs augmentation of current antidepressant (fluoxetine 20 mg/d to 60 mg/d) with placebo Depressive symptoms (MADRS) Scale from: 0 to 60 (worse) · treatment‐resistant depression in adults Pharmacological interventions for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Low |
Augmentation of current antidepressant (fluoxetine 20 mg/d to 60 mg/d) with olanzapine (5 mg/d to 20 mg/d) vs augmentation of current antidepressant (fluoxetine 20 mg/d to 60 mg/d) with placebo Dropouts · treatment‐resistant depression in adults Pharmacological interventions for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.04, 2.69] | 1 study · 20 participants | Low |
Augmentation of current antidepressant (fluoxetine 20 mg/d to 60 mg/d) with olanzapine (5 mg/d to 20 mg/d) vs augmentation of current antidepressant (fluoxetine 20 mg/d to 60 mg/d) with placebo Response (≥50% reduction in MADRS score) · treatment‐resistant depression in adults Pharmacological interventions for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2019) · Cochrane | RR 6 [0.87, 41.21] | 1 study · 20 participants | Low |
Switching to mianserin (60 mg/d) vs continuing on current antidepressant (fluoxetine 20 mg/d) Response (≥ 50% improvement in HAM‐D score) · treatment‐resistant depression in adults Pharmacological interventions for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.32 [0.76, 2.27] | 1 study · 71 participants | Low |
Augmentation of current antidepressant (fluoxetine 20 mg/d to 60 mg/d) with olanzapine (5 mg/d to 20 mg/d) vs augmentation of current antidepressant (fluoxetine 20 mg/d to 60 mg/d) with placebo Remission ‐ not reported · treatment‐resistant depression in adults Pharmacological interventions for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Augmentation of current antidepressant (fluoxetine 20 mg/d to 60 mg/d) with olanzapine (5 mg/d to 20 mg/d) vs augmentation of current antidepressant (fluoxetine 20 mg/d to 60 mg/d) with placebo Quality of life ‐ not measured · treatment‐resistant depression in adults Pharmacological interventions for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Augmentation of current antidepressant (various) with quetiapine (150 mg/d to 300 mg/d) vs augmentation of current antidepressant (various) with placebo Depressive symptoms (MADRS or HAM‐D) ‐ Any dose · treatment‐resistant depression in adults Pharmacological interventions for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 977 participants | High |
Augmentation of current antidepressant (various) with quetiapine (150 mg/d to 300 mg/d) vs augmentation of current antidepressant (various) with placebo Dropouts ‐ Any dose · treatment‐resistant depression in adults Pharmacological interventions for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.33 [0.9, 1.95] | 3 studies · 997 participants | Moderate |
Augmentation of current antidepressant (various) with quetiapine (150 mg/d to 300 mg/d) vs augmentation of current antidepressant (various) with placebo Response (≥ 50% reduction in MADRS or HAM‐D score) ‐ Any dose · treatment‐resistant depression in adults Pharmacological interventions for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.25 [1.09, 1.44] | 3 studies · 977 participants | Moderate |
Augmentation of current antidepressant (various) with quetiapine (150 mg/d to 300 mg/d) vs augmentation of current antidepressant (various) with placebo Remission (MADRS score ≤ 8/HAM‐D score ≤ 7) ‐ Any dose · treatment‐resistant depression in adults Pharmacological interventions for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.53 [1.23, 1.9] | 3 studies · 977 participants | Moderate |
Augmentation of current antidepressant (various) with quetiapine (150 mg/d to 300 mg/d) vs augmentation of current antidepressant (various) with placebo Quality of life (% max score of Q‐LES‐Q‐SF) ‐ Any dose Scale from: 0 to 100 (better) · treatment‐resistant depression in adults Pharmacological interventions for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 884 participants | Moderate |
Augmentation of current antidepressant (SSRI) with ziprasidone (40 mg/d to 160 mg/d) vs augmentation of current antidepressant (SSRI) with placebo or continue on SSRI monotherapy Depressive symptoms (HAM‐D) ‐ Any dose Scale from: 0 to 54 (worse) · treatment‐resistant depression in adults Pharmacological interventions for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 199 participants | Moderate |
Augmentation of current antidepressant (SSRI) with ziprasidone (40 mg/d to 160 mg/d) vs augmentation of current antidepressant (SSRI) with placebo or continue on SSRI monotherapy Dropouts ‐ Any dose · treatment‐resistant depression in adults Pharmacological interventions for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.6 [1.01, 2.55] | 2 studies · 199 participants | Moderate |
Augmentation of current antidepressant (SSRI) with ziprasidone (40 mg/d to 160 mg/d) vs augmentation of current antidepressant (SSRI) with placebo or continue on SSRI monotherapy Response (≥ 50% reduction in MADRS/HAM‐D score) ‐ Any dose · treatment‐resistant depression in adults Pharmacological interventions for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.8 [1.07, 3.04] | 2 studies · 199 participants | Moderate |
Switching to mianserin (60 mg/d) vs continuing on current antidepressant (fluoxetine 20 mg/d) Remission (HAM‐D total score ≤ 8) · treatment‐resistant depression in adults Pharmacological interventions for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.97 [0.88, 4.42] | 1 study · 71 participants | Low |
Augmentation of current antidepressant (SSRI) with ziprasidone (40 mg/d to 160 mg/d) vs augmentation of current antidepressant (SSRI) with placebo or continue on SSRI monotherapy Remission (clinician‐rated) ‐ Any dose · treatment‐resistant depression in adults Pharmacological interventions for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2019) · Cochrane | OR 1.46 [0.75, 2.86] | 2 studies · 199 participants | Moderate |
Augmentation of current antidepressant (SSRI) with ziprasidone (40 mg/d to 160 mg/d) vs augmentation of current antidepressant (SSRI) with placebo or continue on SSRI monotherapy Quality of life ‐ not measured · treatment‐resistant depression in adults Pharmacological interventions for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Switching to mianserin (60 mg/d) vs continuing on current antidepressant (fluoxetine 20 mg/d) Quality of life ‐ not measured · treatment‐resistant depression in adults Pharmacological interventions for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Augmentation of current antidepressant (fluoxetine 20 mg/d) with mianserin (60 mg/d) vs augmentation of current antidepressant (fluoxetine 20 mg/d) with placebo Depressive symptoms (HAM‐D) Scale from: 0 to 54 (worse) · treatment‐resistant depression in adults Pharmacological interventions for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 70 participants | Moderate |
Augmentation of current antidepressant (fluoxetine 20 mg/d) with mianserin (60 mg/d) vs augmentation of current antidepressant (fluoxetine 20 mg/d) with placebo Dropouts · treatment‐resistant depression in adults Pharmacological interventions for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.38, 2.72] | 1 study · 70 participants | Low |
Augmentation of current antidepressant (fluoxetine 20 mg/d) with mianserin (60 mg/d) vs augmentation of current antidepressant (fluoxetine 20 mg/d) with placebo Response (≥ 50% reduction in HAM‐D score) · treatment‐resistant depression in adults Pharmacological interventions for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.7 [1.03, 2.78] | 1 study · 70 participants | Low |
Augmentation of current antidepressant (fluoxetine 20 mg/d) with mianserin (60 mg/d) vs augmentation of current antidepressant (fluoxetine 20 mg/d) with placebo Remission (HAM‐D total score ≤ 7) · treatment‐resistant depression in adults Pharmacological interventions for treatment‐resistant depression in adults (2019) · Cochrane | RR 2.38 [1.09, 5.16] | 1 study · 70 participants | Low |
Benzodiazepines vs placebo Response · adults with panic disorder Benzodiazepines versus placebo for panic disorder in adults (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.65 [1.39, 1.96] | 16 studies · 2476 participants | Low |
Benzodiazepines vs placebo Total number of dropouts · adults with panic disorder Benzodiazepines versus placebo for panic disorder in adults (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.5 [0.39, 0.64] | 21 studies · 3558 participants | Low |