What do systematic reviews say?

Psychosocial interventions (cognitive behavioural therapy, biofeedback, combination CBT/biofeedback, physical self-regulation/posture self-control) vs usual care

Psychosocial interventions (cognitive behavioural therapy,… led to lower pain intensity (long term) compared with usual care (conservative treatment: education, counselling,…; GRADE not reported.

• Psychosocial interventions for the management of chronic orofacial pain 2011 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Long term (more than 3 months)
  SMD -0.34 [-0.50, -0.18]
  7 studies · 658 participants
  GRADE not reported

Psychosocial interventions (cognitive behavioural therapy, biofeedback, combination CBT/biofeedback, physical self-regulation/posture self-control) vs usual care

Psychosocial interventions (cognitive behavioural therapy,… showed no clear difference in muscle palpation pain (long term) compared with usual care (conservative treatment: education, counselling,…; GRADE not reported.

• Psychosocial interventions for the management of chronic orofacial pain 2011 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Long term (more than 3 months)
  Muscle palpation pain long term (greater than 3 months): 3 studies; results not pooled owing to substantial heterogeneity (I2=64%); insufficient evidence to draw conclusions for any individual intervention. One study…
  3 studies
  GRADE not reported

Psychosocial interventions (cognitive behavioural therapy, biofeedback, combination CBT/biofeedback, physical self-regulation/posture self-control) vs usual care

Psychosocial interventions (cognitive behavioural therapy,… led to lower depression (long term) compared with usual care (conservative treatment: education, counselling,…; GRADE not reported.

• Psychosocial interventions for the management of chronic orofacial pain 2011 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Long term (more than 3 months)
  SMD -0.35 [-0.54, -0.16]
  6 studies · 455 participants
  GRADE not reported

Psychosocial interventions (cognitive behavioural therapy, biofeedback, combination CBT/biofeedback, physical self-regulation/posture self-control) vs usual care

Psychosocial interventions (cognitive behavioural therapy,… led to higher pain intensity (short term) compared with usual care (conservative treatment: education, counselling,…; GRADE not reported.

• Psychosocial interventions for the management of chronic orofacial pain 2011 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Short term (3 months or less) · Combination CBT/biofeedback
  SMD 0.46 [0.02, 0.90]
  2 studies · 90 participants
  GRADE not reported

Psychosocial interventions (cognitive behavioural therapy, biofeedback, combination CBT/biofeedback, physical self-regulation/posture self-control) vs usual care

Psychosocial interventions (cognitive behavioural therapy,… led to lower pain severity - impact: activity interference / disability (long term) compared with usual care (conservative treatment: education, counselling,…; GRADE not reported.

• Psychosocial interventions for the management of chronic orofacial pain 2011 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Long term (more than 3 months) · CBT alone
  SMD -0.27 [-0.51, -0.03]
  4 studies · 285 participants
  GRADE not reported

Any antimicrobial mouthwash and/or nasal spray (alone or in combination), at any concentration, delivered to the patient or HCW before and/or after an AGP vs No treatment or saline or water

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays to protect healthcare workers when undertaking… 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes
  No data available (no included studies)
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Any antimicrobial mouthwash and/or nasal spray (alone or in combination), at any concentration, delivered to the patient or HCW before and/or after an AGP vs No treatment or saline or water

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays to protect healthcare workers when undertaking… 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes
  No data available (no included studies)
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Any antimicrobial mouthwash and/or nasal spray (alone or in combination), at any concentration, delivered to the patient or HCW before and/or after an AGP vs No treatment or saline or water

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays to protect healthcare workers when undertaking… 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes
  No data available (no included studies)
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Any antimicrobial mouthwash and/or nasal spray (alone or in combination), at any concentration, delivered to the patient or HCW before and/or after an AGP vs No treatment or saline or water

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays to protect healthcare workers when undertaking… 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Assessed at a minimum of 2 weeks
  No data available (no included studies)
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Any antimicrobial mouthwash and/or nasal spray (alone or in combination), at any concentration, delivered to the patient or HCW before and/or after an AGP vs No treatment or saline or water

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays to protect healthcare workers when undertaking… 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Assessed at a minimum of 2 weeks
  No data available (no included studies)
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Any antimicrobial mouthwash and/or nasal spray (alone or in combination), at any concentration, delivered to the patient or HCW before and/or after an AGP vs No treatment or saline or water

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays to protect healthcare workers when undertaking… 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes
  No data available (no included studies)
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Any antimicrobial mouthwash and/or nasal spray (alone or in combination), at any concentration, delivered to healthcare workers, with or without the same intervention given to the patients with COVID-19 vs No treatment or saline or water

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Use of antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays by healthcare workers to protect them when treating… 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Minimum 2 weeks
  No data available (no included studies)
  0 studies
  No studies found

Any antimicrobial mouthwash and/or nasal spray (alone or in combination), at any concentration, delivered to healthcare workers, with or without the same intervention given to the patients with COVID-19 vs No treatment or saline or water

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Use of antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays by healthcare workers to protect them when treating… 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes
  No data available (no included studies)
  0 studies
  No studies found

Any antimicrobial mouthwash and/or nasal spray (alone or in combination), at any concentration, delivered to healthcare workers, with or without the same intervention given to the patients with COVID-19 vs No treatment or saline or water

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Use of antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays by healthcare workers to protect them when treating… 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes
  No data available (no included studies)
  0 studies
  No studies found

Any antimicrobial mouthwash and/or nasal spray (alone or in combination), at any concentration, delivered to healthcare workers, with or without the same intervention given to the patients with COVID-19 vs No treatment or saline or water

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Use of antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays by healthcare workers to protect them when treating… 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Minimum 2 weeks
  No data available (no included studies)
  0 studies
  No studies found

Any antimicrobial mouthwash and/or nasal spray (alone or in combination), at any concentration, delivered to healthcare workers, with or without the same intervention given to the patients with COVID-19 vs No treatment or saline or water

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Use of antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays by healthcare workers to protect them when treating… 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes
  No data available (no included studies)
  0 studies
  No studies found

Intervention not reported

• Abdominal ultrasound and alpha‐foetoprotein for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in adults with chronic liver… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 5044 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

• Abdominal ultrasound and alpha‐foetoprotein for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in adults with chronic liver… 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  6 studies · 5044 participants
  Low

OFS vs no OFS

OFS may leads to higher toxicity ‐ hot flushes (a combination of "grade 3/4" and "any grade"… compared with no OFS (low certainty).

• Ovarian suppression for adjuvant treatment of hormone receptor‐positive early breast cancer 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.6 [1.41, 1.82]
  6 studies · 5581 participants
  Low

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in combination NRT & bupropion versus placebo Smoking cessation (low certainty).

• Relapse prevention interventions for smoking cessation 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.18 [0.75, 1.87]
  2 studies · 243 participants
  Low