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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,112 questions in 171 reviews · Eyes and Vision
current versionsNo studies 587 · 27.8%Ungraded 95 · 4.5%Very low 446 · 21.1%Low 557 · 26.4%Moderate 361 · 17.1%High 66 · 3.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Anti‐VEGF vs steroid Adverse outcomes at any time point · people with BRVO Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor for macular oedema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.12 [0.04, 0.32] | 3 studies · 551 participants | Moderate |
Anti‐VEGF vs steroid Mean change in quality of life at 12 months on the National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire‐25 (VFQ‐25) (scored 0 to 100) (higher score is better quality of life) · people with BRVO Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor for macular oedema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 307 participants | Moderate |
Anti‐VEGF vs sham Mean change in visual acuity letters at 6 months · macular oedema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor for macular oedema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 282 participants | Moderate |
Anti‐VEGF vs sham Mean central retinal thickness (CRT) change at 6 months in microns (lower value is better) · macular oedema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor for macular oedema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 281 participants | Moderate |
Anti‐VEGF vs sham Adverse outcomes at any time point · macular oedema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor for macular oedema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.09, 10.66] | 1 study · 283 participants | Very low |
Anti‐VEGF vs sham Mean change in quality of life (QoL) at 12 months on the National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire‐25 (VFQ‐25) (scored 0 to 100) (higher score is better quality of life) · macular oedema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor for macular oedema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 281 participants | Moderate |
Anti‐VEGF vs laser Gain of 15 letters or more of visual acuity · people with BRVO Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor for macular oedema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion (2020) · Cochrane | RR 2.09 [1.44, 3.05] | 2 studies · 201 participants | Moderate |
Anti‐VEGF vs laser Mean change in visual acuity letters · people with BRVO Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor for macular oedema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 473 participants | Moderate |
Anti‐VEGF vs laser Mean central retinal thickness (CRT) change at 6 months in microns (lower value is better) · people with BRVO Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor for macular oedema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 201 participants | Moderate |
Anti‐VEGF vs laser Adverse outcomes at any time point · people with BRVO Anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor for macular oedema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion (2020) · Cochrane | RR 2.97 [0.12, 71.89] | 2 studies · 456 participants | Very low |
As needed vs monthly injections Change in BCVA at 1 year (ETDRS letters score, the higher the score the better) · people with neovascular age‐related macular degeneration Treatment regimens for administration of anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor agents for neovascular… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 2299 participants | Moderate |
Extended‐fixed vs monthly injections Change in central retinal thickness at 1 year (μm, the thinner the better on average) · people with neovascular age‐related macular degeneration Treatment regimens for administration of anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor agents for neovascular… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 1439 participants | Low |
Extended‐fixed vs monthly injections Change in QoL score at 1 year ( · people with neovascular age‐related macular degeneration Treatment regimens for administration of anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor agents for neovascular… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1220 participants | Moderate |
Extended‐fixed vs monthly injections Number of injections at 1 year · people with neovascular age‐related macular degeneration Treatment regimens for administration of anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor agents for neovascular… (2020) · Cochrane | 8 | 1 study · 1220 participants | Ungraded |
Extended‐fixed vs monthly injections Cost of treatment per person at 1 year · people with neovascular age‐related macular degeneration Treatment regimens for administration of anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor agents for neovascular… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Extended‐fixed vs monthly injections Endophthalmitis (ocular adverse event) · people with neovascular age‐related macular degeneration Treatment regimens for administration of anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor agents for neovascular… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.19 [0.03, 1.12] | 3 studies · 1132 participants | Low |
As needed vs monthly injections Gain of ≥ 15 letters visual acuity at 1 year · people with neovascular age‐related macular degeneration Treatment regimens for administration of anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor agents for neovascular… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.76, 0.99] | 4 studies · 2299 participants | Low |
As needed vs monthly injections Change in central retinal thickness at 1 year (μm, the thinner the better on average) · people with neovascular age‐related macular degeneration Treatment regimens for administration of anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor agents for neovascular… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 2215 participants | Moderate |
As needed vs monthly injections Change in QoL scores at 1 year (higher was better) · people with neovascular age‐related macular degeneration Treatment regimens for administration of anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor agents for neovascular… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 498 participants | Low |
As needed vs monthly injections Number of injections at 1 year · people with neovascular age‐related macular degeneration Treatment regimens for administration of anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor agents for neovascular… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 2336 participants | Moderate |
As needed vs monthly injections Cost of treatment per person at 1 year · people with neovascular age‐related macular degeneration Treatment regimens for administration of anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor agents for neovascular… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 1105 participants | Low |
As needed vs monthly injections Endophthalmitis (ocular adverse event) · people with neovascular age‐related macular degeneration Treatment regimens for administration of anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor agents for neovascular… (2020) · Cochrane | Peto OR 0.13 [0.04, 0.46] | 6 studies · 3175 participants | Moderate |
Extended‐fixed vs monthly injections Change in BCVA at 1 year (ETDRS letters score, the higher the score the better) · people with neovascular age‐related macular degeneration Treatment regimens for administration of anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor agents for neovascular… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 1439 participants | Moderate |
Extended‐fixed vs monthly injections Gain of ≥ 15 letters visual acuity at 1 year · people with neovascular age‐related macular degeneration Treatment regimens for administration of anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor agents for neovascular… (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.8, 1.1] | 3 studies · 1441 participants | Moderate |
Mitomycin C dacryocystorhinostomy vs dacryocystorhinostomy alone Functional success, defined as the relief of epiphora · nasolacrimal duct obstruction Antimetabolites as an adjunct to dacryocystorhinostomy for nasolacrimal duct obstruction (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.98, 1.29] | 7 studies · 356 participants | Low |
Mitomycin C dacryocystorhinostomy vs dacryocystorhinostomy alone Functional success, defined as the relief of epiphora · nasolacrimal duct obstruction Antimetabolites as an adjunct to dacryocystorhinostomy for nasolacrimal duct obstruction (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.15 [1.07, 1.25] | 14 studies · 909 participants | Moderate |
Mitomycin C dacryocystorhinostomy vs dacryocystorhinostomy alone Anatomic success, defined as patency to lacrimal irrigation · nasolacrimal duct obstruction Antimetabolites as an adjunct to dacryocystorhinostomy for nasolacrimal duct obstruction (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.95, 1.11] | 4 studies · 306 participants | Low |
Mitomycin C dacryocystorhinostomy vs dacryocystorhinostomy alone Anatomic success, defined as patency to lacrimal irrigation · nasolacrimal duct obstruction Antimetabolites as an adjunct to dacryocystorhinostomy for nasolacrimal duct obstruction (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [1.04, 1.15] | 12 studies · 831 participants | Moderate |
Mitomycin C dacryocystorhinostomy vs dacryocystorhinostomy alone Ostium size on nasal endoscopy · nasolacrimal duct obstruction Antimetabolites as an adjunct to dacryocystorhinostomy for nasolacrimal duct obstruction (2020) · Cochrane | mean difference 3.7 | 2 studies · 65 participants | Low |
Mitomycin C dacryocystorhinostomy vs dacryocystorhinostomy alone Ostium size on nasal endoscopy at · nasolacrimal duct obstruction Antimetabolites as an adjunct to dacryocystorhinostomy for nasolacrimal duct obstruction (2020) · Cochrane | MD 1.4 | 2 studies · 100 participants | Low |
Wavefront procedures vs conventional procedures Proportion of eyes with uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) of 20/20 or better post‐treatment:12 months ‐ Procedure: PRK · Adults with refractive errors Wavefront excimer laser refractive surgery for adults with refractive errors (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.86, 1.24] | 1 study · 70 participants | Low |
Wavefront‐optimized procedures vs wavefront‐guided procedures Proportion of eyes within ± 0.50 diopters (D) of target refraction post‐treatment:12 months ‐ overall estimate · Adults with refractive errors Wavefront excimer laser refractive surgery for adults with refractive errors (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.95, 1.09] | 4 studies · 480 participants | Low |
Wavefront‐optimized procedures vs wavefront‐guided procedures Mean refractive error expressed as mean spherical equivalent post‐treatment:12 months ‐ Procedure PRK · Adults with refractive errors Wavefront excimer laser refractive surgery for adults with refractive errors (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 334 participants | Low |
Wavefront‐optimized procedures vs wavefront‐guided procedures Mean refractive error expressed as mean spherical equivalent post‐treatment:12 months ‐ Procedure LASIK · Adults with refractive errors Wavefront excimer laser refractive surgery for adults with refractive errors (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 472 participants | Low |
Wavefront‐optimized procedures vs wavefront‐guided procedures Mean higher‐order aberrations (HOAs) post‐treatment, measured by machine with wavefront sensor: 12 months ‐ overall estimate · Adults with refractive errors Wavefront excimer laser refractive surgery for adults with refractive errors (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 622 participants | Low |
Wavefront‐optimized procedures vs wavefront‐guided procedures Proportion of eyes with significant visual loss (loss of 2 or more lines from pretreatment BSCVA): 12 months · Adults with refractive errors Wavefront excimer laser refractive surgery for adults with refractive errors (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Wavefront‐guided LASIK vs wavefront‐guided PRK Proportion of eyes with uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) of 20/20 or better post‐treatment. ‐ 12 months · Adults with refractive errors Wavefront excimer laser refractive surgery for adults with refractive errors (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.93, 1.15] | 1 study · 66 participants | Very low |
Wavefront‐guided LASIK vs wavefront‐guided PRK Proportion of eyes that had lost 1 or more lines of best spectacle‐corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) posttreatment. ‐ 12 months · Adults with refractive errors Wavefront excimer laser refractive surgery for adults with refractive errors (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.93, 1.15] | 1 study · 66 participants | Very low |
Wavefront‐guided LASIK vs wavefront‐guided PRK Proportion of eyes within ± 0.50 diopters (D) of target refraction post‐treatment. ‐ 12 months · Adults with refractive errors Wavefront excimer laser refractive surgery for adults with refractive errors (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.82, 1.14] | 1 study · 66 participants | Very low |
Wavefront‐guided LASIK vs wavefront‐guided PRK Mean refractive error expressed as mean spherical equivalent post‐treatment. ‐ 12 months · Adults with refractive errors Wavefront excimer laser refractive surgery for adults with refractive errors (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 66 participants | Very low |
Wavefront‐guided LASIK vs wavefront‐guided PRK Mean higher‐order aberrations (HOAs) post‐treatment, measured by machine with wavefront sensor ‐ 12 months · Adults with refractive errors Wavefront excimer laser refractive surgery for adults with refractive errors (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 66 participants | Very low |
Wavefront procedures vs conventional procedures Proportion of eyes with uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) of 20/20 or better post‐treatment:12 months ‐ Procedure: LASIK · Adults with refractive errors Wavefront excimer laser refractive surgery for adults with refractive errors (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Wavefront‐guided LASIK vs wavefront‐guided PRK Proportion of eyes with significant visual loss (loss of 2 or more lines from pretreatment BSCVA): 12 months · Adults with refractive errors Wavefront excimer laser refractive surgery for adults with refractive errors (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Wavefront‐guided LASIK vs wavefront‐guided PRK Proportion of eyes with optical side effects, such as glare and halo: 12 months · Adults with refractive errors Wavefront excimer laser refractive surgery for adults with refractive errors (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Wavefront procedures vs conventional procedures Proportion of eyes that had lost 1 or more lines of best spectacle‐corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) posttreatment:12 months ‐ Procedure PRK · Adults with refractive errors Wavefront excimer laser refractive surgery for adults with refractive errors (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.81, 1.09] | 1 study · 70 participants | Low |
Wavefront procedures vs conventional procedures Proportion of eyes within ± 0.50 diopters (D) of target refraction: 12 months ‐ Procedure PRK · Adults with refractive errors Wavefront excimer laser refractive surgery for adults with refractive errors (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.86, 1.24] | 1 study · 70 participants | Low |
Wavefront procedures vs conventional procedures Proportion of eyes within ± 0.50 diopters (D) of target refraction: 12 months ‐ Procedure LASIK · Adults with refractive errors Wavefront excimer laser refractive surgery for adults with refractive errors (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Wavefront procedures vs conventional procedures Mean refractive error expressed as mean spherical equivalent post‐treatment:12 months ‐ Procedure PRK · Adults with refractive errors Wavefront excimer laser refractive surgery for adults with refractive errors (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 70 participants | Very low |
Wavefront procedures vs conventional procedures Proportion of eyes that had lost 1 or more lines of best spectacle‐corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) posttreatment‐procedure LASIK; Mean higher‐order aberrations (HOAs) post‐treatment, measured by machine with wavefront sensor; proportion of eyes wi... · Adults with refractive errors Wavefront excimer laser refractive surgery for adults with refractive errors (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Wavefront‐optimized procedures vs wavefront‐guided procedures Proportion of eyes with uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) of 20/20 or better post‐treatment:12 months ‐ overall estimate · Adults with refractive errors Wavefront excimer laser refractive surgery for adults with refractive errors (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.99, 1.02] | 5 studies · 618 participants | Low |