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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,463 questions in 125 reviews · Anaesthesia
current versionsNo studies 197 · 13.5%Ungraded 203 · 13.9%Very low 307 · 21%Low 441 · 30.1%Moderate 245 · 16.7%High 70 · 4.8%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Protocol using standard measures such as CVP vs usual care Adverse outcomes ‐ all · patients with perioperative fluid optimization Perioperative fluid volume optimization following proximal femoral fracture (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.53 [0.26, 1.08] | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |
Advanced haemodynamic monitoring vs protocol using standard measures such Medically fit for discharge · patients with proximal femoral fracture Perioperative fluid volume optimization following proximal femoral fracture (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 90 participants | Low |
Advanced haemodynamic monitoring vs protocol using standard measures such Return to pre‐fracture accommodation/return to pre‐fracture mobility · patients with proximal femoral fracture Perioperative fluid volume optimization following proximal femoral fracture (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Advanced haemodynamic monitoring vs protocol using standard measures such Adverse outcomes ‐ cardiopulmonary · patients with proximal femoral fracture Perioperative fluid volume optimization following proximal femoral fracture (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Advanced haemodynamic monitoring vs protocol using standard measures such Adverse outcomes ‐ neurological · patients with proximal femoral fracture Perioperative fluid volume optimization following proximal femoral fracture (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Advanced haemodynamic monitoring vs protocol using standard measures such Adverse outcomes ‐ all · patients with proximal femoral fracture Perioperative fluid volume optimization following proximal femoral fracture (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.37, 2.18] | 3 studies · 280 participants | Very low |
Advanced haemodynamic monitoring vs usual care All‐cause mortality · patients with perioperative fluid optimization Perioperative fluid volume optimization following proximal femoral fracture (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.45 [0.07, 2.95] | 3 studies · 213 participants | Low |
Advanced haemodynamic monitoring vs usual care Total length of hospital stay · patients with perioperative fluid optimization Perioperative fluid volume optimization following proximal femoral fracture (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 175 participants | Low |
Low‐dose opioid‐based GA vs high‐dose opioid‐based GA Mortality ‐ Death at any time after surgery · adult cardiac surgical patients Fast‐track cardiac care for adult cardiac surgical patients (2016) · Cochrane | OR 0.53 [0.25, 1.12] | 8 studies · 1994 participants | Low |
Time‐directed extubation protocol vs usual care Postoperative stroke · adult cardiac surgical patients Fast‐track cardiac care for adult cardiac surgical patients (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.33, 2.16] | 11 studies · 1646 participants | Low |
Time‐directed extubation protocol vs usual care Postoperative reintubation · adult cardiac surgical patients Fast‐track cardiac care for adult cardiac surgical patients (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.34 [0.74, 2.41] | 12 studies · 1261 participants | Low |
Time‐directed extubation protocol vs usual care Time to extubation (hours) · adult cardiac surgical patients Fast‐track cardiac care for adult cardiac surgical patients (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 16 studies · 2024 participants | Low |
Time‐directed extubation protocol vs usual care Length of intensive care unit stay (hours) · adult cardiac surgical patients Fast‐track cardiac care for adult cardiac surgical patients (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 13 studies · 1888 participants | Low |
Time‐directed extubation protocol vs usual care Length of hospital stay (days) · adult cardiac surgical patients Fast‐track cardiac care for adult cardiac surgical patients (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 1334 participants | Low |
Low‐dose opioid‐based GA vs high‐dose opioid‐based GA Postoperative myocardial infarction · adult cardiac surgical patients Fast‐track cardiac care for adult cardiac surgical patients (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.48, 1.99] | 8 studies · 1683 participants | Low |
Low‐dose opioid‐based GA vs high‐dose opioid‐based GA Postoperative stroke · adult cardiac surgical patients Fast‐track cardiac care for adult cardiac surgical patients (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.17 [0.36, 3.78] | 5 studies · 562 participants | Low |
Low‐dose opioid‐based GA vs high‐dose opioid‐based GA Postoperative tracheal reintubation · adult cardiac surgical patients Fast‐track cardiac care for adult cardiac surgical patients (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.77 [0.38, 8.27] | 5 studies · 594 participants | Low |
Low‐dose opioid‐based GA vs high‐dose opioid‐based GA Time to extubation (hours) · adult cardiac surgical patients Fast‐track cardiac care for adult cardiac surgical patients (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 14 studies · 2486 participants | Low |
Low‐dose opioid‐based GA vs high‐dose opioid‐based GA Length of intensive care unit stay (hours) · adult cardiac surgical patients Fast‐track cardiac care for adult cardiac surgical patients (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 12 studies · 1394 participants | Low |
Low‐dose opioid‐based GA vs high‐dose opioid‐based GA Length of hospital stay (days) · adult cardiac surgical patients Fast‐track cardiac care for adult cardiac surgical patients (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 913 participants | Low |
Time‐directed extubation protocol vs usual care Mortality ‐ Death at any time after surgery · adult cardiac surgical patients Fast‐track cardiac care for adult cardiac surgical patients (2016) · Cochrane | OR 0.8 [0.45, 1.45] | 10 studies · 1802 participants | Low |
Time‐directed extubation protocol vs usual care Postoperative myocardial infarction · adult cardiac surgical patients Fast‐track cardiac care for adult cardiac surgical patients (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.59 [0.27, 1.31] | 8 studies · 1378 participants | Low |
Double vs single‐injection technique Primary anaesthesia failure (incomplete sensory block) · adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.55 [0.34, 0.89] | 9 studies · 527 participants | High |
Multiple vs single‐injection technique Secondary analgesia failure ‐ tourniquet pain · adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.3, 3.11] | 4 studies · 379 participants | High |
Multiple vs single‐injection technique Complete failure of block1 · adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.31 [0.03, 2.71] | 7 studies · 484 participants | Moderate |
Multiple vs single‐injection technique Time to readiness for surgery (minutes) · adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 206 participants | Low |
Multiple vs single‐injection technique Intravascular injection · adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.35 [0.2, 9.06] | 4 studies · 352 participants | Moderate |
Multiple vs single‐injection technique Adverse effects lasting more than 24 hours5 · adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 244 participants | Low |
Multiple vs double‐injection technique Primary anaesthesia failure · adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.27 [0.19, 0.39] | 12 studies · 966 participants | High |
Multiple vs double‐injection technique Secondary analgesia failure ‐ intraoperative sedation required · adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.55, 1.03] | 7 studies · 716 participants | High |
Multiple vs double‐injection technique Secondary analgesia failure ‐ tourniquet pain · adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.53 [0.33, 0.84] | 7 studies · 719 participants | High |
Multiple vs double‐injection technique Complete failure of block1 · adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.24 [0.04, 1.41] | 9 studies · 630 participants | Low |
Multiple vs double‐injection technique Time to readiness for surgery4 · adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 524 participants | Moderate |
Double vs single‐injection technique Secondary analgesia failure ‐ intraoperative sedation required · adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.31, 1.31] | 2 studies · 129 participants | Moderate |
Multiple vs double‐injection technique Intravascular injection · adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.69 [0.32, 1.49] | 7 studies · 676 participants | Moderate |
Multiple vs double‐injection technique Adverse effects lasting more than 24 hours5 · adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 510 participants | Low |
Double vs single‐injection technique Secondary analgesia failure ‐ tourniquet pain · adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.58 [0.22, 1.52] | 2 studies · 104 participants | Moderate |
Double vs single‐injection technique Complete failure of block3 · adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.29 [0.33, 5.01] | 7 studies · 368 participants | Low |
Double vs single‐injection technique Time to readiness for surgery4 · adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Double vs single‐injection technique Intravascular injection · adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 4.15 [0.46, 37.13] | 2 studies · 90 participants | Low |
Double vs single‐injection technique Adverse effects lasting more than 24 hours5 · adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in… (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 119 participants | Low |
Multiple vs single‐injection technique Primary anaesthesia failure · adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.25 [0.14, 0.42] | 9 studies · 712 participants | High |
Multiple vs single‐injection technique Secondary analgesia failure ‐ intraoperative sedation required · adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in… (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.7 [0.41, 1.19] | 5 studies · 482 participants | High |
Epidural pain relief vs systemic opioid‐based pain relief Mortality in hospital or up to 30 days · people undergoing abdominal aortic surgery Epidural pain relief versus systemic opioid‐based pain relief for abdominal aortic surgery (2016) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.6, 1.86] | 14 studies · 1383 participants | Low |
Epidural pain relief vs systemic opioid‐based pain relief Myocardial infarction · people undergoing abdominal aortic surgery Epidural pain relief versus systemic opioid‐based pain relief for abdominal aortic surgery (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.54 [0.3, 0.97] | 7 studies · 851 participants | Moderate |
Epidural pain relief vs systemic opioid‐based pain relief Tracheal intubation duration · people undergoing abdominal aortic surgery Epidural pain relief versus systemic opioid‐based pain relief for abdominal aortic surgery (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 975 participants | Low |
Epidural pain relief vs systemic opioid‐based pain relief Respiratory failure · people undergoing abdominal aortic surgery Epidural pain relief versus systemic opioid‐based pain relief for abdominal aortic surgery (2016) · Cochrane | RR 0.69 [0.56, 0.85] | 6 studies · 861 participants | Moderate |
Epidural pain relief vs systemic opioid‐based pain relief Gastrointestinal bleeding · people undergoing abdominal aortic surgery Epidural pain relief versus systemic opioid‐based pain relief for abdominal aortic surgery (2016) · Cochrane | OR 0.2 [0.06, 0.65] | 4 studies · 487 participants | High |
Epidural pain relief vs systemic opioid‐based pain relief Pain (VAS scores) on movement at postoperative day 1 Scale from: 0 to 10. · people undergoing abdominal aortic surgery Epidural pain relief versus systemic opioid‐based pain relief for abdominal aortic surgery (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 162 participants | High |
Epidural pain relief vs systemic opioid‐based pain relief Intensive care unit length of stay · people undergoing abdominal aortic surgery Epidural pain relief versus systemic opioid‐based pain relief for abdominal aortic surgery (2016) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 523 participants | Moderate |