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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,956 questions in 143 reviews · Musculoskeletal
current versionsNo studies 555 · 28.4%Ungraded 107 · 5.5%Very low 255 · 13%Low 555 · 28.4%Moderate 357 · 18.3%High 127 · 6.5%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Any cold therapy vs no cold therapy following total knee replacement Blood lossTime point: mean 48 hours, range 1 to 13 days. Higher blood loss indicates a worse outcome. · people undergoing total knee replacement Cryotherapy following total knee replacement (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 12 studies · 956 participants | Low |
Any cold therapy vs no cold therapy following total knee replacement Pain at post‐operative day 2Scale from 0 (best) to 10 (worst). · people undergoing total knee replacement Cryotherapy following total knee replacement (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 530 participants | Low |
Any cold therapy vs no cold therapy following total knee replacement Transfusion rate · people undergoing total knee replacement Cryotherapy following total knee replacement (2023) · Cochrane | RR 2.13 [0.04, 109.63] | 2 studies · 91 participants | Very low |
Any cold therapy vs no cold therapy following total knee replacement Range of motion at dischargeScale from 0 (worst) to 125 (best). · people undergoing total knee replacement Cryotherapy following total knee replacement (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 174 participants | Low |
Any cold therapy vs no cold therapy following total knee replacement Function Standardised scale with positive score indicating a better outcome. Scale from 0 (worst) to 100 (best). · people undergoing total knee replacement Cryotherapy following total knee replacement (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 296 participants | Very low |
Any cold therapy vs no cold therapy following total knee replacement Total adverse eventsAdverse events included discomfort, local skin reactions, superficial infections, cold‐induced injuries and thrombolytic events. · people undergoing total knee replacement Cryotherapy following total knee replacement (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.3 [0.53, 3.2] | 16 studies · 1199 participants | Very low |
Any cold therapy vs no cold therapy following total knee replacement Withdrawals due to adverse events · people undergoing total knee replacement Cryotherapy following total knee replacement (2023) · Cochrane | RR 2.71 [0.42, 17.38] | 19 studies · 1347 participants | Very low |
McKenzie therapy vs minimal intervention Pain intensity: short‐term (closest to 2 weeks) NRS (scale from 0‐100, 0 is no pain) · patients with non‐specific acute and subacute low back pain The McKenzie method for (sub)acute non‐specific low back pain (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 328 participants | Low |
McKenzie therapy vs manual therapy Adverse events · patients with non‐specific acute and subacute low back pain The McKenzie method for (sub)acute non‐specific low back pain (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
McKenzie therapy vs other interventions Pain intensity: short‐term (closest to 2 weeks) · patients with non‐specific acute and subacute low back pain The McKenzie method for (sub)acute non‐specific low back pain (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
McKenzie therapy vs other interventions Pain intensity: intermediate‐term (closest to 3 months) · patients with non‐specific acute and subacute low back pain The McKenzie method for (sub)acute non‐specific low back pain (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
McKenzie therapy vs other interventions Disability: short‐term (closest to 2 weeks) ODI (scale from 0‐100, 0 is no disability) · patients with non‐specific acute and subacute low back pain The McKenzie method for (sub)acute non‐specific low back pain (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
McKenzie therapy vs other interventions Disability: intermediate‐term (closest to 3 months) ODI (scale from 0‐100, 0 is no disability) · patients with non‐specific acute and subacute low back pain The McKenzie method for (sub)acute non‐specific low back pain (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 25 participants | Very low |
McKenzie therapy vs other interventions Adverse events · patients with non‐specific acute and subacute low back pain The McKenzie method for (sub)acute non‐specific low back pain (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
McKenzie therapy vs minimal intervention Pain intensity: intermediate‐term (closest to 3 months) NRS (scale from 0‐100, 0 is no pain) · patients with non‐specific acute and subacute low back pain The McKenzie method for (sub)acute non‐specific low back pain (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 180 participants | Low |
McKenzie therapy vs minimal intervention Disability: short‐term (closest to 2 weeks) RMDQ (scale from 0‐100, 0 is no disability) · patients with non‐specific acute and subacute low back pain The McKenzie method for (sub)acute non‐specific low back pain (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 328 participants | Low |
McKenzie therapy vs minimal intervention Disability: intermediate‐term (closest to 3 months) RMDQ (scale from 0‐100, 0 is no disability) · patients with non‐specific acute and subacute low back pain The McKenzie method for (sub)acute non‐specific low back pain (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 180 participants | Low |
McKenzie therapy vs minimal intervention Adverse events · patients with non‐specific acute and subacute low back pain The McKenzie method for (sub)acute non‐specific low back pain (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
McKenzie therapy vs manual therapy Pain intensity: short‐term (closest to 2 weeks)a Multiples scales (scale from 0‐100, 0 is no pain) · patients with non‐specific acute and subacute low back pain The McKenzie method for (sub)acute non‐specific low back pain (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 298 participants | Low |
McKenzie therapy vs manual therapy Pain intensity: intermediate‐term (closest to 3 months) NRS (scale from 0‐100, 0 is no pain) · patients with non‐specific acute and subacute low back pain The McKenzie method for (sub)acute non‐specific low back pain (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 235 participants | Low |
McKenzie therapy vs manual therapy Disability: short‐term (closest to 2 weeks)a Multiples scales (scale from 0‐100, 0 is no disability) · patients with non‐specific acute and subacute low back pain The McKenzie method for (sub)acute non‐specific low back pain (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 298 participants | Low |
McKenzie therapy vs manual therapy Disability: intermediate‐term (closest to 3 months) RMDQ (scale from 0‐100, 0 is no disability) · patients with non‐specific acute and subacute low back pain The McKenzie method for (sub)acute non‐specific low back pain (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 235 participants | Low |
Calcium vs placebo Total hip BMD · premenopausal women (age 18−47.3 years) Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 174 participants | Low |
Vitamin D vs placebo Quality of life · premenopausal women (age 18–32.7 years) Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Vitamin D vs placebo Vertebral fracture · premenopausal women (age 18–32.7 years) Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Vitamin D vs placebo Non‐vertebral fracture · premenopausal women (age 18–32.7 years) Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Vitamin D vs placebo Withdrawals from the study for any reason · premenopausal women (age 18–32.7 years) Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.74 [0.46, 1.19] | 2 studies · 189 participants | Moderate |
Vitamin D vs placebo Serious adverse events · premenopausal women (age 18–32.7 years) Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Calcium and vitamin D vs placebo Total hip BMD · premenopausal women (ages 18–36 years) Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 408 participants | Moderate |
Calcium and vitamin D vs placebo Lumbar spine BMD · premenopausal women (ages 18–36 years) Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 76 participants | Moderate |
Calcium and vitamin D vs placebo Quality of life · premenopausal women (ages 18–36 years) Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Calcium and vitamin D vs placebo Vertebral fracture · premenopausal women (ages 18–36 years) Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Calcium and vitamin D vs placebo Non‐vertebral fracture · premenopausal women (ages 18–36 years) Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Calcium vs placebo Lumbar spine BMD (mean SD and % change) · premenopausal women (age 18−47.3 years) Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 202 participants | Low |
Calcium and vitamin D vs placebo Withdrawals from the study for any reason · premenopausal women (ages 18–36 years) Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.29, 2.35] | 2 studies · 541 participants | Low |
Calcium and vitamin D vs placebo Serious adverse events · premenopausal women (ages 18–36 years) Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Calcium vs placebo Quality of life · premenopausal women (age 18−47.3 years) Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Calcium vs placebo Vertebral fracture · premenopausal women (age 18−47.3 years) Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Calcium vs placebo Non‐vertebral fracture · premenopausal women (age 18−47.3 years) Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Calcium vs placebo Withdrawals from the study for any reason · premenopausal women (age 18−47.3 years) Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.52, 1.16] | 4 studies · 261 participants | Moderate |
Calcium vs placebo Serious adverse events · premenopausal women (age 18−47.3 years) Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Vitamin D vs placebo Total hip BMD · premenopausal women (age 18–32.7 years) Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Vitamin D vs placebo Lumbar spine BMD · premenopausal women (age 18–32.7 years) Calcium and vitamin D for increasing bone mineral density in premenopausal women (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5i) vs placebo Frequency of attacks per week · adults with Raynaud's phenomenon (primary or secondary) Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5i) for the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5i) vs placebo Duration of attacks per day (minutes) · adults with Raynaud's phenomenon (primary or secondary) Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5i) for the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5i) vs placebo Severity of Raynaud's attack · adults with Raynaud's phenomenon (primary or secondary) Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5i) for the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5i) vs placebo Pain intensity · adults with Raynaud's phenomenon (primary or secondary) Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5i) for the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5i) vs placebo Patient global · adults with Raynaud's phenomenon (primary or secondary) Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5i) for the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5i) vs placebo Withdrawals due to adverse events · adults with Raynaud's phenomenon (primary or secondary) Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5i) for the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Moderate |
Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5i) vs placebo Serious adverse events · adults with Raynaud's phenomenon (primary or secondary) Phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors (PDE5i) for the treatment of Raynaud's phenomenon (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Moderate |