Gap finder

Search review questions

Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

Limit to evidence status or GRADE (optional)

1,956 questions in 143 reviews · Musculoskeletal

current versions
No studies 555 · 28.4%Ungraded 107 · 5.5%Very low 255 · 13%Low 555 · 28.4%Moderate 357 · 18.3%High 127 · 6.5%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

QuestionEffectEvidenceStatus / GRADE
Methotrexate vs placebo
Outcomes(time frame of absolute effects) · children and young people with JIA
Methotrexate for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Oral methotrexate plus intra‐articular glucocorticoid vs intra‐articular glucocorticoid alone
Treatment responsea · children and young people with JIA
Methotrexate for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Oral methotrexate plus intra‐articular glucocorticoid vs intra‐articular glucocorticoid alone
Sustained clinically inactive diseaseb(12 months) · children and young people with JIA
Methotrexate for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (2024) · Cochrane
RR 1.37 [0.91, 2.06]1 study · 207 participantsLow
Oral methotrexate plus intra‐articular glucocorticoid vs intra‐articular glucocorticoid alone
Function · children and young people with JIA
Methotrexate for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Oral methotrexate plus intra‐articular glucocorticoid vs intra‐articular glucocorticoid alone
Pain · children and young people with JIA
Methotrexate for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Oral methotrexate plus intra‐articular glucocorticoid vs intra‐articular glucocorticoid alone
Participant global assessment of well‐being · children and young people with JIA
Methotrexate for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Oral methotrexate plus intra‐articular glucocorticoid vs intra‐articular glucocorticoid alone
Serious adverse events(12 months) · children and young people with JIA
Methotrexate for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRVery low
Oral methotrexate plus intra‐articular glucocorticoid vs intra‐articular glucocorticoid alone
Withdrawals due to adverse events(12 months) · children and young people with JIA
Methotrexate for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (2024) · Cochrane
RR 8.75 [0.48, 160.4]1 study · 207 participantsLow
Methotrexate vs alternative disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs
Outcomes(time frame of absolute effects) · children and young people with JIA
Methotrexate for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Methotrexate vs alternative disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs
Treatment responsea(4 months) · children and young people with JIA
Methotrexate for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (2024) · Cochrane
RR 1.4 [0.93, 2.1]1 study · 94 participantsLow
Methotrexate vs alternative disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs
Sustained clinically inactive diseasec · children and young people with JIA
Methotrexate for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Methotrexate vs placebo
Treatment responsea(up to 6 months) · children and young people with JIA
Methotrexate for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (2024) · Cochrane
RR 1.67 [1.21, 2.31]3 studies · 328 participantsLow
Methotrexate vs alternative disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs
Function · children and young people with JIA
Methotrexate for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 94 participantsLow
Methotrexate vs alternative disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs
Pain · children and young people with JIA
Methotrexate for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Methotrexate vs alternative disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs
Participant global assessment of well‐being · children and young people with JIA
Methotrexate for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 94 participantsLow
Methotrexate vs alternative disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs
Serious adverse events(4 months) · children and young people with JIA
Methotrexate for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (2024) · Cochrane
RR 0.14 [0.01, 2.69]1 study · 94 participantsLow
Methotrexate vs alternative disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs
Withdrawals due to adverse events(4 months) · children and young people with JIA
Methotrexate for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (2024) · Cochrane
RR 0.33 [0.04, 3.09]1 study · 94 participantsLow
Methotrexate vs placebo
Sustained clinically inactive diseasec · children and young people with JIA
Methotrexate for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Methotrexate vs placebo
Function · children and young people with JIA
Methotrexate for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Methotrexate vs placebo
Pain Mean improvement in pain on motion from baseline, 0–100 scale, 0 represents no pain(up to 6 months) · children and young people with JIA
Methotrexate for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 114 participantsLow
Methotrexate vs placebo
Participant global assessment of well‐being(up to 6 months) · children and young people with JIA
Methotrexate for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (2024) · Cochrane
RR 1.23 [0.88, 1.72]1 study · 176 participantsLow
Methotrexate vs placebo
Serious adverse events(up to 6 months) · children and young people with JIA
Methotrexate for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (2024) · Cochrane
RR 0.63 [0.04, 8.97]3 studies · 328 participantsLow
Methotrexate vs placebo
Withdrawals due to adverse events (up to 6 months) · children and young people with JIA
Methotrexate for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (2024) · Cochrane
RR 3.46 [0.6, 19.79]3 studies · 328 participantsLow
Oral methotrexate plus intra‐articular glucocorticoid vs intra‐articular glucocorticoid alone
Outcomes(time frame of absolute effects) · children and young people with JIA
Methotrexate for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intermittent/cyclic etidronate 400 mg/day vs placebo
Clinical vertebral fractures · postmenopausal women with a lower risk for fracturesa
Etidronate for the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women (2024) · Cochrane
RR 3.03 [0.32, 28.44]NRLow
Intermittent/cyclic etidronate 400 mg/day vs placebo
Wrist fractures · postmenopausal women with a higher risk for fracturesa
Etidronate for the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women (2024) · Cochrane
RR 0.9 [0.13, 6.04]NRVery low
Intermittent/cyclic etidronate 400 mg/day vs placebo
Withdrawals due to adverse events · postmenopausal women with a higher risk for fracturesa
Etidronate for the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women (2024) · Cochrane
RR 1.09 [0.54, 2.18]NRVery low
Intermittent/cyclic etidronate 400 mg/day vs placebo
Serious adverse events · postmenopausal women with a higher risk for fracturesa
Etidronate for the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRVery low
Intermittent/cyclic etidronate 400 mg/day vs placebo
Non‐vertebral fractures · postmenopausal women with a lower risk for fracturesa
Etidronate for the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women (2024) · Cochrane
RR 0.56 [0.2, 1.61]NRModerate
Intermittent/cyclic etidronate 400 mg/day vs placebo
Hip fractures · postmenopausal women with a lower risk for fracturesa
Etidronate for the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRVery low
Intermittent/cyclic etidronate 400 mg/day vs placebo
Wrist fractures № of participants: 0 (0 RCTs) · postmenopausal women with a lower risk for fracturesa
Etidronate for the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intermittent/cyclic etidronate 400 mg/day vs placebo
Withdrawals due to adverse events · postmenopausal women with a lower risk for fracturesa
Etidronate for the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women (2024) · Cochrane
RR 1.41 [0.81, 2.47]NRLow
Intermittent/cyclic etidronate 400 mg/day vs placebo
Serious adverse events · postmenopausal women with a lower risk for fracturesa
Etidronate for the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women (2024) · Cochrane
RR 0.9 [0.52, 1.54]NRModerate
Intermittent/cyclic etidronate 400 mg/day vs placebo
Clinical vertebral fractures № of participants: 0 (0 RCTs) · postmenopausal women with a higher risk for fracturesa
Etidronate for the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intermittent/cyclic etidronate 400 mg/day vs placebo
Non‐vertebral fractures · postmenopausal women with a higher risk for fracturesa
Etidronate for the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women (2024) · Cochrane
RR 1.07 [0.72, 1.58]NRLow
Intermittent/cyclic etidronate 400 mg/day vs placebo
Hip fractures · postmenopausal women with a higher risk for fracturesa
Etidronate for the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women (2024) · Cochrane
RR 0.93 [0.17, 5.19]NRVery low
Manual therapy, prescribed exercises or both vs placebo
PainScale: numerical rating scale (0 to 10, 0 is no pain) · lateral elbow pain
Manual therapy and exercise for lateral elbow pain (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 23 participantsLow
Manual therapy, prescribed exercises or both vs minimal or no intervention
Health‐related quality of lifefScale: SF‐36 (0 to 100, 100 indicates perfect health) · lateral elbow pain
Manual therapy and exercise for lateral elbow pain (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted2 studies · 113 participantsLow
Manual therapy, prescribed exercises or both vs minimal or no intervention
Participant‐reported treatment success · lateral elbow pain
Manual therapy and exercise for lateral elbow pain (2024) · Cochrane
RR 1.36 [0.96, 1.93]6 studies · 770 participantsLow
Manual therapy, prescribed exercises or both vs minimal or no intervention
Proportion of overall withdrawals · lateral elbow pain
Manual therapy and exercise for lateral elbow pain (2024) · Cochrane
RR 0.86 [0.66, 1.12]12 studies · 1147 participantsVery low
Manual therapy, prescribed exercises or both vs minimal or no intervention
Proportion with any adverse event · lateral elbow pain
Manual therapy and exercise for lateral elbow pain (2024) · Cochrane
RR 3.69 [0.98, 13.97]6 studies · 457 participantsVery low
Manual therapy, prescribed exercises or both vs minimal or no intervention
Proportion with a serious adverse event · lateral elbow pain
Manual therapy and exercise for lateral elbow pain (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Manual therapy, prescribed exercises or both vs placebo
DisabilityScale: 0 to 100 (0 is no disability) · lateral elbow pain
Manual therapy and exercise for lateral elbow pain (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 23 participantsLow
Manual therapy, prescribed exercises or both vs placebo
Quality of life · lateral elbow pain
Manual therapy and exercise for lateral elbow pain (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Manual therapy, prescribed exercises or both vs placebo
Participant‐reported treatment success · lateral elbow pain
Manual therapy and exercise for lateral elbow pain (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Manual therapy, prescribed exercises or both vs placebo
Proportion of withdrawals · lateral elbow pain
Manual therapy and exercise for lateral elbow pain (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Manual therapy, prescribed exercises or both vs placebo
Proportion with adverse events · lateral elbow pain
Manual therapy and exercise for lateral elbow pain (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Manual therapy, prescribed exercises or both vs placebo
Proportion with a serious adverse event · lateral elbow pain
Manual therapy and exercise for lateral elbow pain (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Manual therapy, prescribed exercises or both vs minimal or no intervention
PainScale: VAS (0 to 10, 0 is no pain) · lateral elbow pain
Manual therapy and exercise for lateral elbow pain (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted12 studies · 1023 participantsLow
Manual therapy, prescribed exercises or both vs minimal or no intervention
DisabilityScale: Disability questionnaires (0 to 100, 0 is no disability) · lateral elbow pain
Manual therapy and exercise for lateral elbow pain (2024) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted10 studies · 732 participantsLow