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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
67 questions in 8 reviews · Methodology
current versionsNo studies 15 · 22.4%Ungraded 0 · 0%Very low 22 · 32.8%Low 19 · 28.4%Moderate 8 · 11.9%High 3 · 4.5%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Central monitoring with triggered vs untriggered on‐site visits Impact of the monitoring strategy on participant recruitment · clinical trials in all fields of health care Monitoring strategies for clinical intervention studies (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Central monitoring with triggered vs untriggered on‐site visits Impact of the monitoring strategy on · clinical trials in all fields of health care Monitoring strategies for clinical intervention studies (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Central monitoring with triggered vs untriggered on‐site visits Effect of the monitoring strategy on resource use · clinical trials in all fields of health care Monitoring strategies for clinical intervention studies (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Central and local monitoring only vs central and local monitoring with on‐site visits Combined outcome of proportion of participants with major or critical monitoring findings · clinical trials in all fields of health care Monitoring strategies for clinical intervention studies (2021) · Cochrane | OR 1.7 [1.1, 2.7] | 1 study · 4371 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Estimated treatment effect measured as Z‐scores*** after adjustment for the number of patients Financial conflicts of interest in systematic reviews: associations with results, conclusions, and… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Frequency of statistically favourable results Financial conflicts of interest in systematic reviews: associations with results, conclusions, and… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.62, 1.14] | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Frequency of favourable conclusions Financial conflicts of interest in systematic reviews: associations with results, conclusions, and… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.98 [1.26, 3.11] | NR | Low |
Open trial vs blinded trial Number recruited · individuals eligible for a trial Strategies to improve recruitment to randomised trials (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.25 [1.18, 1.34] | 2 studies · 4833 participants | High |
Telephone reminder vs no telephone reminder Number recruited · individuals eligible for a trial Strategies to improve recruitment to randomised trials (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.9 [1.35, 2.67] | 2 studies · 978 participants | High |
Bespoke, user‐tested participant information leaflet (PIL) vs usual PIL Willingness to participate/number recruited · individuals eligible for trial Strategies to improve recruitment to randomised trials (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.15 [0.92, 1.44] | 3 studies · 6634 participants | High |
Brief participant information leaflet (PIL) vs usual PIL Number recruited · individuals eligible for a trial Strategies to improve recruitment to randomised trials (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.93, 1.07] | 2 studies · 4633 participants | Moderate |
Participant information leaflet (PIL) developed with feedback from users vs usual PIL Number recruited · individuals eligible for a trial Strategies to improve recruitment to randomised trials (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.96, 1.25] | 2 studies · 16763 participants | Moderate |
Providing information by video vs by standard means alone Number recruited · individuals eligible for trial Strategies to improve recruitment to randomised trials (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.89, 1.31] | 3 studies · 4695 participants | Very low |
Financial incentive vs no incentive Number recruited · individuals eligible for a trial Strategies to improve recruitment to randomised trials (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.48 [0.85, 2.58] | 6 studies · 1506 participants | Moderate |
Industry sponsored vs non‐industry sponsored studies Number of studies with favorable efficacy results · industry sponsorship and study results Industry sponsorship and research outcome (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 25 studies · 2923 participants | Moderate |
Industry sponsored vs non‐industry sponsored studies Number of studies with favorable harms results · industry sponsorship and study results Industry sponsorship and research outcome (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 826 participants | Very low |
Industry sponsored vs non‐industry sponsored studies Number of studies with favorable conclusions · industry sponsorship and study results Industry sponsorship and research outcome (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 29 studies · 4583 participants | Low |