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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

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Intervention or exposure

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Review versions

210 questions in 21 reviews · Lung Cancer

current versions

No studies 15 · 7.1%Ungraded 2 · 1%Very low 15 · 7.1%Low 66 · 31.4%Moderate 50 · 23.8%High 62 · 29.5%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
Gefitinib vs paclitaxel + carboplatin Progression‐free survival · EGFR M+ patients with NSCLC First‐line treatment of advanced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation positive non‐squamous… (2021) · Cochrane	HR 0.39 [0.32, 0.48]	2 studies · 485 participants	High
Gefitinib vs pemetrexed + carboplatin with pemetrexed maintenance Overall survival · EGFR M+ patients with NSCLC First‐line treatment of advanced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation positive non‐squamous… (2021) · Cochrane	HR 0.84 [0.63, 1.11]	2 studies · 371 participants	Moderate
Gefitinib vs pemetrexed + carboplatin with pemetrexed maintenance Progression‐free survival · EGFR M+ patients with NSCLC First‐line treatment of advanced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation positive non‐squamous… (2021) · Cochrane	HR 0.59 [0.46, 0.74]	2 studies · 371 participants	Moderate
Afatinib vs chemotherapy Overall survival · EGFR M+ patients with NSCLC First‐line treatment of advanced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation positive non‐squamous… (2021) · Cochrane	HR 0.91 [0.75, 1.1]	2 studies · 709 participants	High
Afatinib vs chemotherapy Progression‐free survival · EGFR M+ patients with NSCLC First‐line treatment of advanced epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation positive non‐squamous… (2021) · Cochrane	HR 0.42 [0.34, 0.53]	2 studies · 709 participants	High
Intervention NR Overall survival (Duration of · stages I to III NSCLC patients treated with surgery or radiotherapy with curative intent Immunotherapy (excluding checkpoint inhibitors) for stage I to III non‐small cell lung cancer treated with… (2021) · Cochrane	HR 0.94 [0.84, 1.05]	4 studies · 3848 participants	High
Intervention NR Progression‐free survival · stages I to III NSCLC patients treated with surgery or radiotherapy with curative intent Immunotherapy (excluding checkpoint inhibitors) for stage I to III non‐small cell lung cancer treated with… (2021) · Cochrane	HR 0.94 [0.86, 1.03]	5 studies · 3861 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Overall survival: 1‐year survival rate Â · stages I to III NSCLC patients treated with surgery or radiotherapy with curative intent Immunotherapy (excluding checkpoint inhibitors) for stage I to III non‐small cell lung cancer treated with… (2021) · Cochrane	RR 1.02 [0.96, 1.08]	7 studies · 4420 participants	Low
Intervention NR Overall survival: 2‐year survival rate · stages I to III NSCLC patients treated with surgery or radiotherapy with curative intent Immunotherapy (excluding checkpoint inhibitors) for stage I to III non‐small cell lung cancer treated with… (2021) · Cochrane	RR 1.02 [0.93, 1.12]	7 studies · 4420 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Overall survival: 3‐year survival rate · stages I to III NSCLC patients treated with surgery or radiotherapy with curative intent Immunotherapy (excluding checkpoint inhibitors) for stage I to III non‐small cell lung cancer treated with… (2021) · Cochrane	RR 0.99 [0.9, 1.09]	7 studies · 4420 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Overall survival: 5‐year survival rate · stages I to III NSCLC patients treated with surgery or radiotherapy with curative intent Immunotherapy (excluding checkpoint inhibitors) for stage I to III non‐small cell lung cancer treated with… (2021) · Cochrane	RR 0.98 [0.86, 1.12]	7 studies · 4389 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Adverse events: any (Duration of · stages I to III NSCLC patients treated with surgery or radiotherapy with curative intent Immunotherapy (excluding checkpoint inhibitors) for stage I to III non‐small cell lung cancer treated with… (2021) · Cochrane	RR 1.12 [0.97, 1.28]	4 studies · 4126 participants	Low
Intervention NR Adverse events: severe, grade > 2 (Duration of · stages I to III NSCLC patients treated with surgery or radiotherapy with curative intent Immunotherapy (excluding checkpoint inhibitors) for stage I to III non‐small cell lung cancer treated with… (2021) · Cochrane	RR 1.14 [0.92, 1.4]	6 studies · 4546 participants	Low
Single‐immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) vs chemotherapy Overall survival (OS) · People with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer Single or combined immune checkpoint inhibitors compared to first‐line platinum‐based chemotherapy with or… (2021) · Cochrane	HR 0.68 [0.6, 0.76]	6 studies · 2111 participants	Moderate
Combined immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) vs chemotherapy HRQoL · people with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer Single or combined immune checkpoint inhibitors compared to first‐line platinum‐based chemotherapy with or… (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Single‐immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) vs chemotherapy Progression‐free survival (PFS) · People with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer Single or combined immune checkpoint inhibitors compared to first‐line platinum‐based chemotherapy with or… (2021) · Cochrane	HR 0.68 [0.51, 0.88]	5 studies · 1886 participants	Low
Single‐immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) vs chemotherapy Overall response rate (ORR) · People with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer Single or combined immune checkpoint inhibitors compared to first‐line platinum‐based chemotherapy with or… (2021) · Cochrane	RR 1.4 [1.12, 1.75]	4 studies · 1672 participants	Low
Single‐immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) vs chemotherapy Adverse Events grade 3‐4 · People with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer Single or combined immune checkpoint inhibitors compared to first‐line platinum‐based chemotherapy with or… (2021) · Cochrane	RR 0.41 [0.33, 0.5]	5 studies · 3346 participants	Low
Single‐immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) vs chemotherapy QOL‐C30 GHS/QOL (range 0‐100) ‐ change from baseline to week 15 · People with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer Single or combined immune checkpoint inhibitors compared to first‐line platinum‐based chemotherapy with or… (2021) · Cochrane	RR 1.51 [1.08, 2.1]	1 study · 297 participants	Low
Combined immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) vs chemotherapy Overall Survival (OS) · people with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer Single or combined immune checkpoint inhibitors compared to first‐line platinum‐based chemotherapy with or… (2021) · Cochrane	HR 0.72 [0.59, 0.89]	2 studies · 612 participants	Moderate
Combined immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) vs chemotherapy Progression‐free survival (PFS) · people with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer Single or combined immune checkpoint inhibitors compared to first‐line platinum‐based chemotherapy with or… (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Combined immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) vs chemotherapy Overall response rate (OSR) · people with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer Single or combined immune checkpoint inhibitors compared to first‐line platinum‐based chemotherapy with or… (2021) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Combined immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) vs chemotherapy Adverse Events grade 3 to 4 · people with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer Single or combined immune checkpoint inhibitors compared to first‐line platinum‐based chemotherapy with or… (2021) · Cochrane	RR 0.78 [0.55, 1.09]	2 studies · 1869 participants	Low
Vitamin A vs placebo Incidence: lung cancer · healthy people and healthy male physicians Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.09 [1, 1.19]	5 studies · 212314 participants	High
Vitamin C vs placebo Incidence: lung cancer ‐ women · healthy male physicians, period: 1997 to 2007 and female health professionals, period: 1998 to 2005 Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.84 [1.14, 2.95]	1 study · 7627 participants	High
Vitamin C vs placebo Mortality: lung cancer ‐ men · healthy male physicians, period: 1997 to 2007 and female health professionals, period: 1998 to 2005 Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.81 [0.53, 1.23]	1 study · 7326 participants	High
Vitamin C vs placebo Adverse events · healthy male physicians, period: 1997 to 2007 and female health professionals, period: 1998 to 2005 Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 1 participants	High
Vitamin C vs placebo Incidence: all cancers · healthy male physicians, period: 1997 to 2007 and female health professionals, period: 1998 to 2005 Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.03 [0.94, 1.13]	2 studies · 14953 participants	High
Vitamin C vs placebo Mortality: all cancers · healthy male physicians, period: 1997 to 2007 and female health professionals, period: 1998 to 2005 Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.11 [0.93, 1.34]	2 studies · 14953 participants	High
Vitamin D plus calcium vs placebo Incidence: lung cancer · healthy postmenopausal women Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.9 [0.39, 2.08]	3 studies · 37061 participants	Low
Vitamin D plus calcium vs placebo Mortality: lung cancer · healthy postmenopausal women Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Vitamin D plus calcium vs placebo Adverse events: renal calculi · healthy postmenopausal women Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.49 [0.7, 3.17]	2 studies · 2931 participants	Moderate
Vitamin D plus calcium vs placebo Adverse events: serum calcium above normal · healthy postmenopausal women Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people (2020) · Cochrane	RR 2.98 [0.6, 14.74]	1 study · 2197 participants	Low
Vitamin D plus calcium vs placebo Incidence: all cancers · healthy postmenopausal women Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.73 [0.48, 1.11]	3 studies · 37061 participants	Low
Vitamin A vs placebo Mortality: lung cancer · healthy people and healthy male physicians Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.06 [0.81, 1.38]	3 studies · 190118 participants	High
Vitamin D plus calcium vs placebo Mortality: all cancers · healthy postmenopausal women Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.91 [0.78, 1.05]	1 study · 34670 participants	Moderate
Vitamin D plus calcium vs placebo Mortality: all causes · healthy postmenopausal women Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Vitamin E vs placebo Incidence: lung cancer · healthy people Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.01 [0.9, 1.14]	3 studies · 36841 participants	High
Vitamin E vs placebo Mortality: lung cancer · healthy people Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.96 [0.77, 1.18]	2 studies · 29214 participants	High
Vitamin E vs placebo Adverse events: haemorrhagic stroke · healthy people Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people (2020) · Cochrane	HR 1.74 [1.04, 2.91]	1 study · 14641 participants	High
Vitamin E vs placebo Incidence: all cancers · healthy people Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.99 [0.94, 1.04]	3 studies · 36832 participants	High
Vitamin E vs placebo Mortality: all cancers · healthy people Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.11 [0.99, 1.24]	2 studies · 54517 participants	High
Vitamin E vs placebo Mortality: all causes · healthy people Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.03 [0.99, 1.07]	3 studies · 69090 participants	High
Calcium vs placebo Incidence: lung cancer ‐ women · white healthy postmenopausal women over 55 years Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.65 [0.13, 3.18]	1 study · 733 participants	Low
Calcium vs placebo Mortality: lung cancer · white healthy postmenopausal women over 55 years Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Vitamin A vs placebo Adverse events: yellowing of the skin · healthy people and healthy male physicians Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.14 [1.07, 1.21]	1 study · 22071 participants	High
Calcium vs placebo Adverse events: renal calculi · white healthy postmenopausal women over 55 years Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people (2020) · Cochrane	RR 1.94 [0.2, 18.57]	1 study · 733 participants	Low
Calcium vs placebo Incidence: all cancers · white healthy postmenopausal women over 55 years Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people (2020) · Cochrane	RR 0.55 [0.29, 1.03]	1 study · 733 participants	Low
Calcium vs placebo Mortality: all cancers · white healthy postmenopausal women over 55 years Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Calcium vs placebo Mortality: all causes · white healthy postmenopausal women over 55 years Drugs for preventing lung cancer in healthy people (2020) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies