Gap finder

Search review questions

Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

Limit to evidence status or GRADE (optional)

1,518 questions in 135 reviews · Infectious Diseases

current versions
No studies 135 · 8.9%Ungraded 150 · 9.9%Very low 350 · 23.1%Low 420 · 27.7%Moderate 321 · 21.1%High 142 · 9.4%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

QuestionEffectEvidenceStatus / GRADE
Intervention NR
Participants discharged alive. Participants should be discharged without clinical deterioration or death · hospitalized people with mild to moderate symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 4) with severe comorbidities
Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Quality of life up to 28 days and longest · hospitalized people with mild to moderate symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 4) with severe comorbidities
Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
SAEs during the study period · hospitalized people with mild to moderate symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 4) with severe comorbidities
Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Any grade TEAE · hospitalized people with mild to moderate symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 4) with severe comorbidities
Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Any grade TRAE · hospitalized people with mild to moderate symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 4) with severe comorbidities
Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Discontinuation of study drug due to adverse events · hospitalized people with mild to moderate symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 4) with severe comorbidities
Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Admission to hospital or death · unvaccinated, non‐hospitalized people with mild symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 3) at high risk for progression…
Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane
RR 0.13 [0.07, 0.27]1 study · 2224 participantsLow
Intervention NR
Viral clearance · hospitalized people with mild to moderate symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 4) with severe comorbidities
Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Viral clearance at 7 days · hospitalized people with mild to moderate symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 4) with severe comorbidities
Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane
RR 1.06 [0.71, 1.58]1 study · 264 participantsVery low
Intervention NR
Viral clearance at 14 days · hospitalized people with mild to moderate symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 4) with severe comorbidities
Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane
RR 1.05 [0.92, 1.2]1 study · 264 participantsVery low
Intervention NR
Admission to ICU or death · unvaccinated, non‐hospitalized people with mild symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 3) at high risk for progression…
Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
All initial symptoms resolved at 28 days, and up to the longest · unvaccinated, non‐hospitalized people with mild symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 3) at high risk for progression…
Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Time to symptom resolution · unvaccinated, non‐hospitalized people with mild symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 3) at high risk for progression…
Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
Quality of life up to 28 days and longest · unvaccinated, non‐hospitalized people with mild symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 3) at high risk for progression…
Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Intervention NR
SAEs during the study period · unvaccinated, non‐hospitalized people with mild symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 3) at high risk for progression…
Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane
RR 0.24 [0.15, 0.41]1 study · 2224 participantsLow
Intervention NR
Any grade TEAE · unvaccinated, non‐hospitalized people with mild symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 3) at high risk for progression…
Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane
RR 0.95 [0.82, 1.1]1 study · 2224 participantsModerate
Intervention NR
Any grade TRAE · unvaccinated, non‐hospitalized people with mild symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 3) at high risk for progression…
Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane
RR 2.06 [1.44, 2.95]1 study · 2224 participantsModerate
Topical repellents vs placebo or no treatment
Malaria infection incidence alone( · adults and children in malaria‐endemic areas
Topical repellents for malaria prevention (2023) · Cochrane
Rate ratio 0.76 [0.56, 1.02]1 study · 12813 participantsLow
Topical repellents vs placebo or no treatment
Malaria case incidence alone( · adults and children in malaria‐endemic areas
Topical repellents for malaria prevention (2023) · Cochrane
Rate ratio 0.66 [0.32, 1.36]48838 participantsLow
Topical repellents vs placebo or no treatment
Malaria case and infection incidence together ( · adults and children in malaria‐endemic areas
Topical repellents for malaria prevention (2023) · Cochrane
Rate ratio 0.74 [0.56, 0.98]1 study · 61651 participantsLow
Topical repellents vs placebo or no treatment
Adverse events · adults and children in malaria‐endemic areas
Topical repellents for malaria prevention (2023) · Cochrane
no estimate extracted1 study · 47515 participantsUngraded
Topical repellents vs placebo or no treatment
Malaria prevalence ( · adults and children in malaria‐endemic areas
Topical repellents for malaria prevention (2023) · Cochrane
Odds ratio 0.81 [0.67, 0.97]1 study · 55366 participantsLow
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs artemether‐lumefantrine (AL)
Total failure: day 28 (PCR‐adjusted) · adults and children with uncomplicated P falciparum malaria
Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane
RR 0.59 [0.26, 1.31]4 studies · 3068 participantsLow
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs artesunate‐amodiaquine (AS‐AQ)
Total failure: day 28 (PCR‐adjusted) · adults and children with uncomplicated P falciparum malaria
Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane
RR 0.55 [0.11, 2.77]1 study · 1245 participantsLow
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs artesunate‐amodiaquine (AS‐AQ)
Total failure: day 42 (PCR‐adjusted) · adults and children with uncomplicated P falciparum malaria
Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane
RR 0.98 [0.2, 4.83]1 study · 1091 participantsLow
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs artesunate‐amodiaquine (AS‐AQ)
Total failure: day 28 (unadjusted) · adults and children with uncomplicated P falciparum malaria
Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane
RR 0.49 [0.3, 0.81]1 study · 1257 participantsModerate
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs artesunate‐amodiaquine (AS‐AQ)
Total failure: day 42 (unadjusted) · adults and children with uncomplicated P falciparum malaria
Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane
RR 0.98 [0.78, 1.23]1 study · 1235 participantsModerate
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs artesunate‐amodiaquine (AS‐AQ)
First treatment, abnormal ALT increase (42 days) · adults and children with uncomplicated P falciparum malaria
Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane
RR 1.41 [0.28, 7.09]1 study · 1317 participantsLow
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs artesunate‐amodiaquine (AS‐AQ)
First treatment, abnormal AST increase (42 days) · adults and children with uncomplicated P falciparum malaria
Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane
RR 0.4 [0.08, 2.07]1 study · 1317 participantsVery low
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs artesunate‐amodiaquine (AS‐AQ)
First treatment, abnormal bilirubin increase (42 days) · adults and children with uncomplicated P falciparum malaria
Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane
RR 0.99 [0.06, 15.76]1 study · 1317 participantsVery low
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs mefloquine plus artesunate (MQ + AS)
Total failure: day 28 (PCR‐adjusted) · adults and children with uncomplicated P falciparum malaria
Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane
RR 0.37 [0.13, 1.05]1 study · 1117 participantsLow
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs mefloquine plus artesunate (MQ + AS)
Total failure: day 42 (PCR‐adjusted) · adults and children with uncomplicated P falciparum malaria
Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane
RR 1.8 [0.9, 3.57]1 study · 1037 participantsLow
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs mefloquine plus artesunate (MQ + AS)
Total failure: day 28 (unadjusted) · adults and children with uncomplicated P falciparum malaria
Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane
RR 0.36 [0.17, 0.78]1 study · 1120 participantsModerate
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs artemether‐lumefantrine (AL)
Total failure: day 42 (PCR‐adjusted) · adults and children with uncomplicated P falciparum malaria
Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane
RR 0.86 [0.49, 1.51]4 studies · 2575 participantsLow
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs mefloquine plus artesunate (MQ + AS)
Total failure: day 42 (unadjusted) · adults and children with uncomplicated P falciparum malaria
Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane
RR 0.84 [0.54, 1.31]1 study · 1059 participantsLow
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs mefloquine plus artesunate (MQ + AS)
Serious adverse events (42 days) · adults and children with uncomplicated P falciparum malaria
Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane
RR 1 [0.25, 3.97]1 study · 1271 participantsLow
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs mefloquine plus artesunate (MQ + AS)
First treatment, abnormal ALT increase (42 days) · adults and children with uncomplicated P falciparum malaria
Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane
RR 7.48 [0.99, 56.45]1 study · 1271 participantsLow
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs mefloquine plus artesunate (MQ + AS)
First treatment, abnormal AST increase (42 days) · adults and children with uncomplicated P falciparum malaria
Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane
RR 9.49 [0.55, 162.64]1 study · 1271 participantsVery low
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs mefloquine plus artesunate (MQ + AS)
First treatment, abnormal bilirubin increase (42 days) · adults and children with uncomplicated P falciparum malaria
Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane
RR 3.49 [0.43, 28.29]1 study · 1271 participantsVery low
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs other antimalarials
Outcomesa,b,c · adults and children with uncomplicated malaria
Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane
no estimate extractedNRNo studies
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs other antimalarials
Serious adverse events · adults and children with uncomplicated malaria
Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane
RR 1.24 [0.54, 2.84]7 studies · 3941 participantsModerate
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs other antimalarials
First treatment, abnormal ALT increase · adults and children with uncomplicated malaria
Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane
RR 3.59 [1.76, 7.33]8 studies · 6669 participantsHigh
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs other antimalarials
First treatment, abnormal AST increase · adults and children with uncomplicated malaria
Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane
RR 2.22 [1.12, 4.41]8 studies · 6669 participantsModerate
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs other antimalarials
First treatment, abnormal bilirubin increase · adults and children with uncomplicated malaria
Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane
RR 1.03 [0.49, 2.18]7 studies · 6384 participantsModerate
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs artemether‐lumefantrine (AL)
Total failure: day 28 (unadjusted) · adults and children with uncomplicated P falciparum malaria
Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane
RR 0.27 [0.13, 0.58]4 studies · 3149 participantsLow
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs other antimalarials
Subsequent treatment(s), abnormal ALT increase · adults and children with uncomplicated malaria
Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane
RR 2.18 [0.76, 6.27]1 study · 1649 participantsLow
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs other antimalarials
Subsequent treatment(s), abnormal AST increase · adults and children with uncomplicated malaria
Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane
RR 1.82 [0.74, 4.44]1 study · 1649 participantsLow
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs other antimalarials
Subsequent treatment(s), abnormal bilirubin increase · adults and children with uncomplicated malaria
Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane
RR 1.13 [0.42, 3.01]1 study · 1649 participantsLow
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs artemether‐lumefantrine (AL)
Total failure: day 42 (unadjusted) · adults and children with uncomplicated P falciparum malaria
Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane
RR 0.61 [0.46, 0.82]4 studies · 3080 participantsLow
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs artemether‐lumefantrine (AL)
Serious adverse events (42 days) · adults and children with uncomplicated P falciparum malaria
Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane
RR 1.16 [0.3, 4.5]3 studies · 2004 participantsLow