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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,518 questions in 135 reviews · Infectious Diseases
current versionsNo studies 135 · 8.9%Ungraded 150 · 9.9%Very low 350 · 23.1%Low 420 · 27.7%Moderate 321 · 21.1%High 142 · 9.4%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Participants discharged alive. Participants should be discharged without clinical deterioration or death · hospitalized people with mild to moderate symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 4) with severe comorbidities Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Quality of life up to 28 days and longest · hospitalized people with mild to moderate symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 4) with severe comorbidities Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR SAEs during the study period · hospitalized people with mild to moderate symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 4) with severe comorbidities Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Any grade TEAE · hospitalized people with mild to moderate symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 4) with severe comorbidities Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Any grade TRAE · hospitalized people with mild to moderate symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 4) with severe comorbidities Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Discontinuation of study drug due to adverse events · hospitalized people with mild to moderate symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 4) with severe comorbidities Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Admission to hospital or death · unvaccinated, non‐hospitalized people with mild symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 3) at high risk for progression… Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.13 [0.07, 0.27] | 1 study · 2224 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Viral clearance · hospitalized people with mild to moderate symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 4) with severe comorbidities Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Viral clearance at 7 days · hospitalized people with mild to moderate symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 4) with severe comorbidities Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.71, 1.58] | 1 study · 264 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Viral clearance at 14 days · hospitalized people with mild to moderate symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 4) with severe comorbidities Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.92, 1.2] | 1 study · 264 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Admission to ICU or death · unvaccinated, non‐hospitalized people with mild symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 3) at high risk for progression… Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR All initial symptoms resolved at 28 days, and up to the longest · unvaccinated, non‐hospitalized people with mild symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 3) at high risk for progression… Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Time to symptom resolution · unvaccinated, non‐hospitalized people with mild symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 3) at high risk for progression… Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Quality of life up to 28 days and longest · unvaccinated, non‐hospitalized people with mild symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 3) at high risk for progression… Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR SAEs during the study period · unvaccinated, non‐hospitalized people with mild symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 3) at high risk for progression… Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.24 [0.15, 0.41] | 1 study · 2224 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Any grade TEAE · unvaccinated, non‐hospitalized people with mild symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 3) at high risk for progression… Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.82, 1.1] | 1 study · 2224 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Any grade TRAE · unvaccinated, non‐hospitalized people with mild symptomatic COVID‐19 (WHO scale 2 to 3) at high risk for progression… Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir for preventing and treating COVID‐19 (2023) · Cochrane | RR 2.06 [1.44, 2.95] | 1 study · 2224 participants | Moderate |
Topical repellents vs placebo or no treatment Malaria infection incidence alone( · adults and children in malaria‐endemic areas Topical repellents for malaria prevention (2023) · Cochrane | Rate ratio 0.76 [0.56, 1.02] | 1 study · 12813 participants | Low |
Topical repellents vs placebo or no treatment Malaria case incidence alone( · adults and children in malaria‐endemic areas Topical repellents for malaria prevention (2023) · Cochrane | Rate ratio 0.66 [0.32, 1.36] | 48838 participants | Low |
Topical repellents vs placebo or no treatment Malaria case and infection incidence together ( · adults and children in malaria‐endemic areas Topical repellents for malaria prevention (2023) · Cochrane | Rate ratio 0.74 [0.56, 0.98] | 1 study · 61651 participants | Low |
Topical repellents vs placebo or no treatment Adverse events · adults and children in malaria‐endemic areas Topical repellents for malaria prevention (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 47515 participants | Ungraded |
Topical repellents vs placebo or no treatment Malaria prevalence ( · adults and children in malaria‐endemic areas Topical repellents for malaria prevention (2023) · Cochrane | Odds ratio 0.81 [0.67, 0.97] | 1 study · 55366 participants | Low |
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs artemether‐lumefantrine (AL) Total failure: day 28 (PCR‐adjusted) · adults and children with uncomplicated P falciparum malaria Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.59 [0.26, 1.31] | 4 studies · 3068 participants | Low |
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs artesunate‐amodiaquine (AS‐AQ) Total failure: day 28 (PCR‐adjusted) · adults and children with uncomplicated P falciparum malaria Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.55 [0.11, 2.77] | 1 study · 1245 participants | Low |
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs artesunate‐amodiaquine (AS‐AQ) Total failure: day 42 (PCR‐adjusted) · adults and children with uncomplicated P falciparum malaria Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.2, 4.83] | 1 study · 1091 participants | Low |
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs artesunate‐amodiaquine (AS‐AQ) Total failure: day 28 (unadjusted) · adults and children with uncomplicated P falciparum malaria Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.49 [0.3, 0.81] | 1 study · 1257 participants | Moderate |
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs artesunate‐amodiaquine (AS‐AQ) Total failure: day 42 (unadjusted) · adults and children with uncomplicated P falciparum malaria Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.78, 1.23] | 1 study · 1235 participants | Moderate |
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs artesunate‐amodiaquine (AS‐AQ) First treatment, abnormal ALT increase (42 days) · adults and children with uncomplicated P falciparum malaria Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.41 [0.28, 7.09] | 1 study · 1317 participants | Low |
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs artesunate‐amodiaquine (AS‐AQ) First treatment, abnormal AST increase (42 days) · adults and children with uncomplicated P falciparum malaria Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.4 [0.08, 2.07] | 1 study · 1317 participants | Very low |
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs artesunate‐amodiaquine (AS‐AQ) First treatment, abnormal bilirubin increase (42 days) · adults and children with uncomplicated P falciparum malaria Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.06, 15.76] | 1 study · 1317 participants | Very low |
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs mefloquine plus artesunate (MQ + AS) Total failure: day 28 (PCR‐adjusted) · adults and children with uncomplicated P falciparum malaria Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.37 [0.13, 1.05] | 1 study · 1117 participants | Low |
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs mefloquine plus artesunate (MQ + AS) Total failure: day 42 (PCR‐adjusted) · adults and children with uncomplicated P falciparum malaria Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.8 [0.9, 3.57] | 1 study · 1037 participants | Low |
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs mefloquine plus artesunate (MQ + AS) Total failure: day 28 (unadjusted) · adults and children with uncomplicated P falciparum malaria Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.36 [0.17, 0.78] | 1 study · 1120 participants | Moderate |
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs artemether‐lumefantrine (AL) Total failure: day 42 (PCR‐adjusted) · adults and children with uncomplicated P falciparum malaria Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.49, 1.51] | 4 studies · 2575 participants | Low |
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs mefloquine plus artesunate (MQ + AS) Total failure: day 42 (unadjusted) · adults and children with uncomplicated P falciparum malaria Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.54, 1.31] | 1 study · 1059 participants | Low |
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs mefloquine plus artesunate (MQ + AS) Serious adverse events (42 days) · adults and children with uncomplicated P falciparum malaria Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.25, 3.97] | 1 study · 1271 participants | Low |
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs mefloquine plus artesunate (MQ + AS) First treatment, abnormal ALT increase (42 days) · adults and children with uncomplicated P falciparum malaria Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane | RR 7.48 [0.99, 56.45] | 1 study · 1271 participants | Low |
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs mefloquine plus artesunate (MQ + AS) First treatment, abnormal AST increase (42 days) · adults and children with uncomplicated P falciparum malaria Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane | RR 9.49 [0.55, 162.64] | 1 study · 1271 participants | Very low |
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs mefloquine plus artesunate (MQ + AS) First treatment, abnormal bilirubin increase (42 days) · adults and children with uncomplicated P falciparum malaria Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane | RR 3.49 [0.43, 28.29] | 1 study · 1271 participants | Very low |
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs other antimalarials Outcomesa,b,c · adults and children with uncomplicated malaria Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs other antimalarials Serious adverse events · adults and children with uncomplicated malaria Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.24 [0.54, 2.84] | 7 studies · 3941 participants | Moderate |
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs other antimalarials First treatment, abnormal ALT increase · adults and children with uncomplicated malaria Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane | RR 3.59 [1.76, 7.33] | 8 studies · 6669 participants | High |
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs other antimalarials First treatment, abnormal AST increase · adults and children with uncomplicated malaria Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane | RR 2.22 [1.12, 4.41] | 8 studies · 6669 participants | Moderate |
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs other antimalarials First treatment, abnormal bilirubin increase · adults and children with uncomplicated malaria Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.49, 2.18] | 7 studies · 6384 participants | Moderate |
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs artemether‐lumefantrine (AL) Total failure: day 28 (unadjusted) · adults and children with uncomplicated P falciparum malaria Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.27 [0.13, 0.58] | 4 studies · 3149 participants | Low |
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs other antimalarials Subsequent treatment(s), abnormal ALT increase · adults and children with uncomplicated malaria Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane | RR 2.18 [0.76, 6.27] | 1 study · 1649 participants | Low |
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs other antimalarials Subsequent treatment(s), abnormal AST increase · adults and children with uncomplicated malaria Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.82 [0.74, 4.44] | 1 study · 1649 participants | Low |
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs other antimalarials Subsequent treatment(s), abnormal bilirubin increase · adults and children with uncomplicated malaria Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [0.42, 3.01] | 1 study · 1649 participants | Low |
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs artemether‐lumefantrine (AL) Total failure: day 42 (unadjusted) · adults and children with uncomplicated P falciparum malaria Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.61 [0.46, 0.82] | 4 studies · 3080 participants | Low |
Pyronaridine‐artesunate (PY‐AS) vs artemether‐lumefantrine (AL) Serious adverse events (42 days) · adults and children with uncomplicated P falciparum malaria Pyronaridine‐artesunate for treating uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.16 [0.3, 4.5] | 3 studies · 2004 participants | Low |